Development of a transdermal sonophoresis device for delivery of tramadol in rats

The main purpose of this study was to design a sonophoretic device to penetrate the model drug tramadol from rat skin. For this study, we demonstrated that tramadol sonophoresis is safe and significantly increased analgesia when compared with the control group, which were given tramadol without sonophoresis application. Sonophoresis application to rats showed a statistically significant difference between the control group and intraperitoneal (ip) application of the drug, p <0.05. Rats with 28 mg/kg tramadol hydrogel were applied with sonophoresis at a frequency of 40 KHz for up to 60 minutes. 16 rats were randomly divided into four groups. These were control group, ip tramadol injected group, tramadol hydrogel group and tramadol hydrogel with sonophoresis application group. We have concluded that the device worked correctly and safely with the sonication application. Low-frequency sonophoresis did not cause either burns or erythematous streaks.