Rising importance of public-private partnership on forming cybersecurity policies of states: Cases of Israel and New Zealand

The concept of security has been shaped by the actors of its era during the historical process and military security found a place in academic studies as the main conventional constituent that sets the perspective. However after the period followed by the Cold War, security issues became diversified and deepened when political, economic, societal and individual matters were added into the security issues. In the context of threat constituents which emerge through the interaction of the states via cyberspace, implementation of conventional security policies have to be utilized with the cybersecurity strategies. Nowadays, cyberspace has become the fifth operational domain of the states and the cybersecurity strategies gain importance gradually. For cybersecurity policies to be efficient and forceful, they need to be integrated into the conventional security policies. In this context, states required to build partnerships with the private sector in order to shape their cybersecurity policies. For this study, the crucial reasons for these partnerships which require multi-stakeholder approach were analysed and emphasized the importance of an inclusive approach in the context regarding cybersecurity. The outcome is the states' efforts are insufficient to establish a durable cybersecurity on their own due to the multi-dimensional structure and diversification of actors as well as the threat constituents in cyberspace. The states of Israel and New Zealand were chosen as cases for this study due to their inclusive policy implementations to achieve common goals for all partners while forming the cybersecurity strategies and their achievements on increasing their capacity of cybersecurity with their policies. For states to be secure in cyberspace, the critical infrastructure systems must be protected. When establishment processes of the critical infrastructures are delegated to private sector, due to the threat factors that emerge, cybersecurity strategies are required to involve; state agencies, critical infrastructures, private sector and society. Due to high sensitivities and vulnerabilities, requirement of inclusive investments steer states into forming public-private partnerships. In order to train personnel who will work on the field of cybersecurity, projects are needed to be conducted with universities so as to create high-skilled experts. The outcomes of military, political and economic strategies can be multiplied when they are implemented via cyberspace. Furthermore, creating an aware society in cyberspace because of the widespread use of technology by the citizens. Nowadays that security actors diversify, security issues become multi-dimensional, cyberspace became the fifth operational domain which had been made by man is dependent on the implementations of multi-stakeholder policies to provide security. In this context, public-private partnerships have utmost importance on building cybersecurity. In this study, forming the cybersecurity policies via multi-dimensional and multi-stakeholder policies were evaluated through states of Israel and New Zealand cases by the frame of Copenhagen School and concept of Governance. Thus, offering a perspective on cybersecurity policies of Turkey has been aimed.