Effect of graviola fat extract added in various ratios to Anatolian merino lamb rations on fattening performance and circadian change of adipokine, cerebral, cardiac, intestinal and mitochondrial function response

Circadian rhythm is the physical, mental and behavioral changes experienced by the organism, including physiological processes throughout a 24-hour cycle. Circadian rhythm plays a key role in the regulation of physiological systems and many physiological processes such as energy metabolism, sleep-wake cycle, and body temperature regulation. Circadian rhythm is present at every stage of life and is critical for the healthy growth and development of animals because it is closely related to the animal's endocrine system, physiological role in the digestive system and growth performance. Changes in the light cycle, inadequate lighting, feed and water restriction, high temperature, and stress factors such as diseases are the main factors that cause circadian rhythm disorders. Circadian rhythm disorder can lead to slowdown in growth and development of lambs, decrease in feed consumption by affecting appetite metabolism, decrease in reproductive performance, behavioral disorders (hyperactivity) and diseases due to weakening of the immune system. Medicinal and aromatic plants have a regulatory effect on circadian rhythm by releasing hormones through the endocrine system. Graviola (Annona muricata L.), attributed as a miraculous food, is widely used in traditional complementary medicine with its antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory, antihelminthic, antipyretic, sedative and antispasmodic effects. This study is to examine the effect of graviola oil extract added to Anatolian Merino lamb rations at different rates on fattening performance and circadian changes in adipokine, cerebral, cardiac, intestinal and mitochondrial function response. In this context, the animal material of the study consists of 48 male Anatolian Merino lambs aged 2.5 months. The study consisted of 4 groups, 1 control (G0), 3 lamb fattening trials (G200, G400 and G600), with 12 animals in each group. The study groups were formed as G0 (control, graviola oil extract not applied group), G200 (200 ppm added group), G400 (400 ppm added group) and G600 (600 ppm added group) according to the graviola oil extract addition to the lamb fattening rations, respectively. The study lasted for a total of 70 days, including 10 days of adaptation and 60 days of fattening trial, between March and May 2023. During the VIII study, dim light producing less than 2 lux was continuously on to facilitate night examination under natural photoperiod. When we examined the effect of Graviola oil extract on fattening performance, it was determined that although there were differences periodically, it had no effect on feed consumption in days 0-60 (p>0.005) and that it had no effect on BWG compared to the control group, but body weight (BW) G400 ppm and G200 ppm doses were effective on feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p<0,05). As a result, it was concluded that the application of graviola oil extract at the 60th day of G400 dose is safe, and it is effective on the levels of circadian rhythm regulator protein BMAL1 and melatonin hormone and irisin hormone, which has a regulatory role in body condition score (BCS), and that it may be effective and beneficial on the highest live weight level. In order to examine circadian changes, blood serum samples were taken from the jugular vein of lambs at 07:00, 13:00, 19:00, 01:00, 07:00 on the 0th, 15th, 30th, 45th and 60th days of the study. Apelin, irisin, visfatin, melatonin, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Brain and muscle ARNT-like protein 1 (BMAL1), Brain Mitochondrial Carrier Protein-1 (BMCP1), Mitochondrial-derived peptide (MOTSc), Cardiac troponin I (cTnI), Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1), Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 (GLP-2) levels were examined by ELISA method in serum samples obtained from blood samples. Serum samples were stored at -80 C° until analysis. Data belonging to the study were expressed as mean and standard error by checking the normal distribution of the data in IBM SPSS 22 statistics program. The obtained data were analyzed using general linear model multivariate (apelin, irisin, visfatin, melatonin, BDNF, BMAL1, BMCP1, MOTS-c, cTnI, GLP-1, GLP-2). To compare the differences between the means, Duncan's multiple comparison test was applied and statistical significance value p value <0.05 was accepted as significant. When the trial study was examined on BMAL1 (time: 13:00), BMCP1, GLP1, GLP2, irisin, MOTS-c, visfatin, melatonin (time: 01:00) values, while G400 additive dose was effective at 19:00 in 60 days, apelin (time: 19:00), cTnI (times: 13:00 and 07:00) was effective at G600 dose at 13:00 in 60 days. While BDNF was obtained at G200 dose between 19:00 and 13:00 in 60 days, the best results were obtained in 60 days with G400 dose on live weight and live weight gain increased linearly In addition, we think that the measurement of apelin hormone level, the effect of nutrition due to its role in glucose, insulin and energy metabolism; the evaluation of live weight and BCS due to its role in BCS due to its regulatory role in BCS; melatonin, circadian due to its role in circadian rhythm regulation hormone, BDNF, examination of cerebral response, MOTSc and BMCP1, evaluation of mitochondrial function, cTnI, evaluation of cardiac response in lambs in determining myocardial damage, and GLP-1 and GLP-2, evaluation of intestinal response may contribute to the evaluation of the gastrointestinal system. However, it is thought that more comprehensive and molecular research is needed in this area, and that the circadian rhythm regulator BMAL1 will contribute to the establishment of nutrition programs by evaluating the circadian rhythm processes, examining the effectiveness and fattening performance management processes.