Cultural synthesis and political propaganda in the Kingdom of Commagene

This thesis investigates the ancient Kingdom of Commagene, focusing on its cultural and political dynamics during the reign of King Antiochus I Theos in the 1st century BCE. Situated at the crossroads of Eastern (Persian) and Western (Helenistic/Roman) civilizations, the central hypothesis posits that Antiochus I consciously pursued a policy of cultural synthesis to forge a distinct Commagenian identity, and that this synthesis, far from being a mere cultural amalgamation, functioned as a potent tool for political propaganda aimed at securing the kingdom's independence and legitimizing its dynasty. The study demonstrates that Commagene's geographical position facilitated cultural interactions, with the royal family's Persian and Helenistic lineage forming the foundation of this synthesis. Syncretic deity cults are identified as religious reflections of this amalgamation. Antiochus I's strategic efforts to trace his ancestry to both Persian and Macedonian kings, to establish divine connections through monumental inscriptions, and to utilize astrological interpretations are analyzed as active propaganda activities designed to solidify his reign's legitimacy. Monumental architecture and artistic creations, particularly at Nemrut Dağı, Arsameia, and Karakuş Tümülüsü, are examined as visual and tangible expressions of this cultural synthesis. These works played a critical role in communicating the kingdom's identity and political ideology to its populace and to the outside world. Furthermore, Commagene's astute balancing act between the Roman and Parthian Empires, employing diplomatic marriages and flexible foreign policies, underscored how cultural synthesis was wielded as a political survival strategy. In conclusion, this thesis proves that the cultural synthesis observed in Commagene was not a passive interaction but a deliberate and strategic political propaganda tool employed by Antiochus I to strengthen his kingdom and ensure its survival. This study significantly contributes to ancient world scholarship by offering a compelling case study on how cultural elements can function as "soft power" in the political arena.