Serotyping of salmonella isolates obtained from layer hen litters in Kırklareli, Edirne and Tekirdağ provinces, and determination of their sensitivity to some disinfectants, antibiotics and camphor loaded chitosan silver nanoparticles

In this study, a total of 323 drag swab samples were taken from laying hen fresh feces from 3 different provinces (Kırklareli, Edirne, and Tekirdağ), which are located in the European part of Türkiye. According to the ISO 6579: 2002 method, 17,3% of the samples were found positive for Salmonella. Obtained 56 Salmonella isolates were serotyped by slide agglutination using antisera according to Kauffmann White Le Minor Scheme. Sixteen serotypes of Salmonella were identified as S. Typhimurium (%28,6), S. Kentucky (%17,9), S. Abony (%16,1), S. Infantis (%8,9), S. Enteritidis (%5,4), S. Anatum (%3,6), S. Saintpaul (%3,6), S. Szentes (%1,8), S. Dibra (%1,8), S. Fallowfield (%1,8), S. Kimuenza (%1,8), S. Escanaba (%1,8), S. Nagoya (%1,8), S. Mbandaka (%1,8), S. Agona (%1,8), and Salmonella II 17: e, n, x, z15: 1,6 (%1,8). Isolations of S. Kimuenza, S. Escanaba, and S. Nagoya from laying hens are reported for the first time in Türkiye. The isolations of S. Dibra, S. Fallowfield, S. Szentes, and Salmonella II 17: e, n, x, z15: 1,6 from laying hens are the first report in the world. A total of 56 Salmonella isolates were tested for susceptibility to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefepime, azithromycin, chloramphenicol, ofloxacin, cefoxitin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole by the disk diffusion method. While 10% of S. Kentucky isolates were resistant to ofloxacin, and S. Kimuenza was only resistant to chloramphenicol. Chitosan (CS)-stabilized silver nanoparticle (CS@AgNP) was synthesized based on the green process in a solution where CS served as both a reducing agent and stabilizer in an autoclave. The obtained nanomaterial was coated-with camphor, a natural compound. In this way, camphor-loaded chitosan silver nanoparticle (C-CS@AgNP) was synthesized for the first time. Maximum antibacterial activity against Salmonella serotypes was observed at 100 µg/mL concentration of the nanocomposite (8,9-11,6 mm). In our study, in addition to C-CS@AgNP, the effects of 5 disinfectants, with different active ingredients used for poultry disinfection on serotypes, were evaluated according to the qualitative suspension test. All disinfectants, except the quaternary ammonium compound (16%), inhibited the growth of serotypes after 1 minute of contact time. Disinfectants that are effective on serotypes are hydrogen peroxide (26%), peracetic acid (6%) > potassium peroxymonosulfate (21.41%), sodium chlorite (1.5%) > C-CS@AgNP > glutaraldehyde (15%), quaternary ammonium compound (10%) > glutaraldehyde (50%).