Turkish Russian relations 1600-2024, an analysis based on expert opinions & perceptions

The research critically analyzes Turkish-Russian relations between 1600 and 2024 on the basis of expert views regarding historical, geopolitical, security, ideological, economic, and contemporary factors influencing the bilateral relationship. A quantitative research method involved a structured survey of 88 respondents, including media professionals, political analysts, and specialists with either direct or indirect exposure to Turkish-Russian relations. The data collected through the survey were used to identify key determinants influencing policy formation and bilateral relations. The findings indicate that geopolitical and national security concerns are perceived as major drivers of the relationship, followed by economic interdependence in trade and energy sectors. Historical legacies, and also ideological trends such as nationalism and religion, are perceived to be moderate drivers. The analysis also reveals that the perceptions are shaped by respondents' nationality, academic background, and cultural exposure. Although the study references theoretical paradigms like realism, liberalism, and constructivism in placing the findings, the focus is primarily on mapping and examining perceptions from experts. The study ends by offering practitioner suggestions for enhancing cooperative endeavors through realistic diplomacy, economic engagement, and strategic balance, thereby furthering the understanding of this complex and dynamic bilateral relationship. The recommendations and practical implications include the development of confidence-building measures, strengthening cooperative economic activities, and promoting exchanges on the cultural and academic levels for strengthening bilateral relations.