The relationship among extramural English engagement, autonomy, and growth mindset in foreign language learning process: Structural equation modelling approach

This study examines the relationship among extramural English engagement, autonomous learning, and a growth mindset within the context of English as Foreign Language (EFL) learning. It primarily analyzes the mediating and moderating role of growth mindset on the relationship between autonomous learning and extramural English engagement. The research adopts a quantitative approach utilizing Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to analyze data obtained from 525 university students studying English in Türkiye. The study uses validated scales to evaluate learners' degrees of autonomy, engagement with English outside of the classroom, and their orientation toward a growth mindset. The findings show that autonomous learning significantly predicts extramural English engagement, and growth mindset serves as both a mediator and moderator in this connection. These findings indicate that learners with an increased growth mindset are more likely to use their autonomous behaviors in meaningful language use beyond formal contexts. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that developing autonomy and a growth mindset helps learners maintain motivation, resilience, and willingness to participate in independent language activities. The study emphasizes the significance of creating a learning environment that fosters growth and autonomy to encourage prolonged English use outside of the classroom. Moreover, the findings show that fostering autonomy among learners and encouraging a growth mindset help to maintain motivation, improve resilience, and increase learners' engagement with independent English language activities. In this context, the study underlines the necessity for developing learning environments that promote these characteristics to facilitate sustained and meaningful English use beyond the classroom. Keywords: Extramural English, Autonomous learning, Growth mindset, English as a Foreign Language, Structural equation modeling