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ABSTRACT: The Walled City of Famagusta is a multi-layered city of several socio-cultural and architectural heritages, from various stratus of time, each strata contributing to the richness of the historic city of Famagusta. The evidence of the several layers of architecture can be seen all within the city. To sustain this multi-layered architectural richness, the conservation of these layers of architecture for future generations is vital. To conserve these periods of architecture in the Walled City of Famagusta requires exploration of varying conservation approaches that are internationally valid to provide guidelines for adaptive reuse purpose. The focus of this thesis is to discuss conservation approaches through adaptive reuse for some selected buildings located within the Walled City of Famagusta. Adaptive reuse, as undertaken within this thesis, does not just change the program or function of the spatial environment, but may also prolong the authenticity of cultural and natural heritage of the place. Therefore, the main focus here is to shed some light on conservation of the authentic qualities of heritage buildings while at the same time assigning new uses considering contemporary needs of the users. The core aim of this thesis to provide a foundation for the documentation and appreciation of several architectural conservation approaches for selected periods of architecture in the Walled City of Famagusta and to provide guidelines for efficient conservation through adaptive reuse that is peculiar to selected buildings which are internationally sound. This was to answer the research question which is “what are the various internationally valid architectural conservation approaches that can be adopted for selected architectural products of different periods in the Walled City of Famagusta?” The bases of this thesis are adopted and evaluated through five case studies from the Walled City of Famagusta, which represents various periods of architecture; they are Chimney House, Cafer Pasha Hammam, Old Police Station, Gazi Elementary School and Efecan Building Complex. To achieve the aim of this thesis a Qualitative research methods are adopted through document review of case studies and on-site investigation, and also a critical literature reviews on these topics; Architectural conservation, adaptive reuse, international documents of conservation, authenticity, space, current agenda of conservation, current legal legislation of conservation in North Cyprus. Authenticity measurements stated by the Nara Document on Authenticity are detailed to extract the authentic spatial qualities of the case studies and accordingly proposals are anticipated for the future of these spaces, based on the analysis. The results of this research shows the peculiarity of the various periods of architecture in the Walled City of Famagusta, with guidelines towards conservation through adaptive reuse and the international conservation principles and charters that can be adopted to meet the peculiar needs of each selected period of architecture. Keywords: Adaptive Reuse, International Documents of Conservation, Space, Authenticity, Walled City of Famagusta
ABSTRACT: Monumental architecture is reservoir of memories which can stand as symbol of the cities and even countries with the embedded meaning in their form and operation. This kind of structures can link the past and the future like the rings of a chain. In addition they have the potential to create and support the identity of a nation. The glory, dignity, culture, tradition and thoroughly the history of a nation can represent through the monumental structures. These structures can have variety of types including historical buildings or complexes, modern structures with advanced technology, landmarks, etc. Since during the last decades, identity crisis has been a major problem for contemporary architecture, the aim of this study is to survey the relation between national identity and monumental buildings and to recognize how monumental buildings contribute to create national identity. The applied methods in this study consist of combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods. After literature review and colleting sufficient data related to defining monumental structures and identity, study has been carried on by focusing on the case of Iran. At first, in the case study information gathered based on observation from six case studies located in Iran which are: Takht-e-Jamshid historical complex, Naghshe-e Jahan Square, Azadi square, Si-o-Se Pol, Milad Tower and Hammam-e- Finn of Kashan. The six above-mentioned case studies are the mixture of historical and modern structures in Iran that their selection has been based on survey which is done on a sample group of Iranians. In the next step, distributing questionnaire and analysis on obtained data have been done. The results of analysis show the relation between monumental structure and national identity is very strong for Iranians. Therefore, designing, redesigning, and restoring these monumental structures can have a major role in questing national identity. Through analysis, also, it has been found that the most effective factor in creation of national identity for monumental structures is “time-passing”. Among mentioned case studies in Iran, Takhte-Jamshid complex with 2500 years antiquity is the most capable structure to demonstrate the Iranian identity. Therefore, featuring one monumental structure moves parallel to solving identity crisis in developing countries. Keywords: Monumental architecture, monumental building, Identity, national identity, Iran. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ABSTRACT: Cities nowadays especially those “non-smart” are facing challenges such as: effects of climate change, increasing in population versus resource depletion, transport problems and changing in lifestyle of people, while in the paradigm of smart city the urban area is capable to cope with most of these challenges. Despite the term of smart city is inconstant terminology and until now has not been specifically defined, in other words, there is no standard definition of this term, but now we could say that the smart city is a developed urban area that produces a sustainable economic development and creates an optimal place for people to live by increasing the quality of life through high enhancement of the both components of the city ( soft components and hard components ) with multiple key areas; governance, economy, people, environment, , mobility and built environment. This research explained some of the prominent variables facing most cities in world, in term of challenges of the natural environment, built environment, mobility and socio-economic features that slow down the wheel of development toward achieving a better life for inhabitants. Much of these problems and challenges can be solved by draw up a policy to develop the city based on principles of major world‟s smart cities. This research also developed a scientific approach to explain smart city concept, clarified the benefits of applying this model of cities, also suggested a new “array” of the dominant components of smart cities and which of those components are recommended and implemented in four ranked smarter cities in the world. Keywords: Smart City, Hard Components, Soft Components. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Today cities have fewer green areas because of newly constructed facilities thus the surfaces of our existing and upcoming buildings should integrate more vegetation. Integrating vertical green systems is advantageous for improving aesthetic, mental health and indoor thermal comfort. The use of a well-designed and managed green surface systems provides thermal regulation for energy saving buildings with passive thermal insulation for interior spaces. The aim of this study is to find innovative and meaningful ways to increase useful vegetation by implementing them into architectural design processes. Green walls are vertical constructions that are cladded with various types of plants or other vegetation. The walls frequently have built-in watering systems since they contain living plants in them. Integrating green surface systems will decrease energy consumption and increase thermal comfort throughout the year. With the use of Ladybug and Honeybee in Grasshopper, running with EnergyPlus, it allows us to simulate the indoor thermal levels of a residential building in North Cyprus by creating a virtual energy model of the building in Rhinoceros 3D. By running simulations, the effects of integrating green surface systems to the exterior walls of the building will be predictable. The simulation was run three times, the first was to simulate the existing building before integrating green surface systems to serve as a control, whereas the second and third were to simulate the same existing building but after integrating green surface systems to the exterior walls. The average total thermal comfort percent of Döveç Apartment 20 Building with no wall insulation, AC nor HVAC systems was around 35.8% throughout the whole year. After integrating green surface systems to all the exterior walls of the building the average was about 45%, which is a 25.7% increase in the thermal comfort felt by the users of the building. In conclusion adding green surface systems to exterior facades of a building would increase the time spent in the thermal comfort zone of a building, which would decrease energy consumption of thermal regulating systems due to less usage of those thermal regulating systems by the users throughout the year. Keywords: Vertical Green Systems, Thermal Comfort Zone, Sustainability, Residential, Karakol, Famagusta, North Cyprus, Hot Climate
In today’s design world, ‘the fold’ currently appears as an appealing concept or trend, mainly in terms of its aesthetic or structural values. However, ‘the fold’ also has a philosophical depth. The main problem this study addresses is related to the fact that, there is very little research done related to this theoretical aspect of the fold and far less research is done on the potential of the fold and the folding theory as a conceptual design agent for folding architecture. In his regard, this study looks at this potential, through a qualitative inquiry, with a case study research design approach. Firstly, the subject of the ‘fold’, its close concordance to the ‘origami’ paper folding technique, and its physical resonances such as structural and geometrical are introduced. Secondly, through Deleuze, who is famed as the ‘fold’ philosopher, the ‘fold’ is described from this original interpretation of philosophy. As a last step, the study looks at the incarnation process of the fold, from being a concept as a sense, into a physical/spatial phenomenon in architecture and interiors. As a basis for analysis, the work of Sophia Vyzoviti and her conceptual volumetric forms supporting Deleuze philosophy of ‘fold’ were used. These were matched with the works of two famed architects in the field of ‘folding architecture’. As a result, this thesis showed that when trying to understand the ‘fold’, it is insufficient to deal with merely the aesthetic values of the fold, especially in terms of architectural space design. Keywords: The fold, folding, folding theory, folding architecture, case study research.
Architectural activities have gone through different changes in the recent time due to the increase of technological improvement and the need to change the traditional architectural work to the modern lifestyles. but for the concern of the identity on the architecture and the Design process is yet to be cleared out. The definition of identity is considered not cleared in the modern time and in the digital world, the approaches under the design process differ from one project to the another and all are guided by the end result which the designer is concerned with. In relation to the design process, manual ways were the solution to designing of different types structures and buildings. With the technological introduction in architectural design, digital and visual design has been incorporated in the field of the design process. The practice itself became driven by digital technologies, which is illustrated by the different amusing architectural forms. This could not have been achieved without the huge change in theories and philosophy which started with the use of the new digital media tools for the manufacturing development and design rather than just representations. Implementation of these tools in the architectural educational Is still something being developed by many sectors and considered a huge challenge because these technologies need to be understood and used right rather than being overwelled by what they can offer. The use of digital tools in the design process and their rapid advances has opened new ways of exploration and architecture thrives to grow from these tools through theories and different approaches. Case studies and surveys from different countries and aspects have showed that there is a considerable progress made when combining new designing tools into the design process, whether it’s in the education at an early stage or in a professional practice, mainly because it opening many ways and discovering more suitable sustainable solutions. Keywords: Technological Improvement, Identity, Architectural Design, Visual Design, Digital Technologies, Architectural Educational, Design Process
The modernist era brought forth new forms and designs that ignored any tradition, with architecture at the forefront of change, especially post World War II. But with these changes came a dismissal of human needs, and a systemization of human beings within the built environment. One excellent example that examines the failings of Modern Architecture is “Learning from Las Vegas” which concurs that the modernist approach to architecture, which prioritized functionality and efficiency, led to an environment that failed to meet the needs of its users Venturi, et al. (1972). Modern Architecture's impact on the human psyche is examined, furthermore, through the lens of Jacques Tati's Playtime and Jacques Lacan's three orders. The conceptual background of Modern Architecture is delved into, with the focus of its focus on efficiency, functionality, and order, demonstrating how the quest for order dismissed the human needs’ importance, leaving the individuals who willingly conformed to be lost in a sea of cubicles made of concrete and steel. These willing conformists are examined and understood through William H. Whyte’s book the Organization Man; hence, transitioning from Modern Architecture to Psychology. According to Lacan, three orders govern our perception of the world and are the recipe to the human psyche; these orders are: the Imaginary Order deals with the realm of images and perceptions, the Symbolic Order with language and cultural symbols, and the Real Order with the inexplicability of complexity of the human experience due to the insufficiency of the human language. The study concludes with the importance of integrating the three orders into architectural design, emphasizing the significance of considering the human psyche in Modern Architecture. This study enriches our understanding of modernism and highlights the crucial role of the psyche in architecture. Keywords: city identity, buffer zone, divided cities, physical environment, socioeconomic environment.
Nowadays the world is facing serious environmental problems such as global warming, pollution of air, water and soil, floods and droughts. A big part of these problems is caused by unconscious and excessive consumption of world resources by human beings. The building industry in general has a major role in a lot of environmental problems. For this reason, it is very important that the architects and interior architects adopt more environmentally friendly and sustainable design strategies to reduce these problems. Sustainability in general can be described as meeting or satisfying the needs of the current generation without diminishing or compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The concept of sustainability is very important in interior architecture as well. To ensure sustainability in interior spaces, it is first necessary to know the interiors with all their components, to know the expectation of sustainability in the interiors, and perhaps most importantly, to use a method that can create this. This is where biomimicry comes into play. The biomimicry method offers one of the most effective methods on the path to sustainability. The reason why biomimicry is powerful in terms of sustainability is that it derives its power from nature and the ability of natural organisms to survive for millions of years. This study has two main aims. The first aim is to determine what the environmental sustainability considerations in design of interior components are and to examine how biomimicry can help to achieve sustainability in interiors. As the first step of the study the sustainability requirements for various interior components and biomimicry design examples in the issues related to the interior architecture are searched. Then, a guide has prepared to be used by the interior architects where briefly the requirements to have sustainable interior components and examples of biomimicry designs that can help to achieve those goals are compiled. The study tends to create a tool to help interested interior designers in achieving more sustainable interior environments and to increase the use of biomimicry in interior architecture. Keywords: Biomimicry, Interior architecture, Sustainability, Sustainable Design, Interior Components
City identity is the characteristics that unify one place or city from the others. As it’s been perceived lately, there is an issue of division in many cities. The walled city of Nicosia is suffering from the establishment of the buffer zone that influences the environmental and social identity of the City. Nicosia is the capital city of Cyprus Island. It is the last divided capital in Europe. This study is aimed to evaluate the influences of the buffer zone on the immediate context identity in the Northern part. Within this study, the qualitative analysis method has been used. Six zones within the walled city, are Kafesli (residential), Haydarpasa (mixed use), Selimiye (mixed use), Iplikpazari and korkutefendi (commercial), Karamanzade (mixed use), and finally, Arabahmet (residential) have been chosen to conduct the study. Physical analysis was carried out at the site for the most unique buildings, streets, squares, and parks if available within the zones as well an interview survey of 15 participants from each zone have been done. The findings indicate that the buffer zone has a negative influence on the immediate context. In general, buildings are in poor condition and the physical environments are unmaintained. On the other hand, especially the parts which are close to the Lokmacı Gate; which is a passage between Northern and Southern parts, are in better condition. The traditional buildings are generally used for commercial activities or mix-uses. The opening of the Lokmacı Gate brought dynamic energy to the close distance. The buildings were renewed and re-functioned such as cafés, bars, restaurants, commercial uses, etc. These areas attract people during the day and nighttime activities.
Vitrinler, perakende sektöründe önemli bir pazarlama aracıdır. Ürünlerin sergilendiği bu alanlar, müşterilerin dikkatini çekmek ve satın alma kararı vermelerini sağlamak için stratejik bir şekilde düzenlenir. Geleneksel vitrin tasarım elemanları sergileme tekniği, renk, ışık, teşhir, promosyon ve tema arka plan gibi unsurları içerir. Bilgisayar teknolojisinin gelişmesiyle birlikte başlayan dijitalleşme, vitrin tasarımlarında kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu teknolojik gelişme ile dijital vitrinler ortaya çıkmıştır. Dokunmatik ekranlar, simülasyonlar, hologramlar, sanal gerçeklik ve artırılmış gerçeklik gibi teknolojiler, ürünleri daha etkileyici bir şekilde sergileme imkânı sunmaktadır. Bu teknolojiler, müşterilerin ilgisini çekmek ve marka iletişimini güçlendirmek için modern bir yaklaşım sunmaktadır. Özellikle giyim sektöründe faaliyet gösteren markalar, dijital vitrinleri kullanarak ürünlerini daha çekici bir şekilde sergilemekte ve müşterilerle etkileşime geçme şansını artırmaktadır. Bu çalışma, vitrin tasarımının dijitalleşme sürecini ve sürecin vitrin elemanlarına olan etkilerini incelemeyi amaçlar. Çalışma kapsamında giyim sektöründe var olan sekiz köklü markanın vitrin tasarımları üzerinden vitrin tasarım elemanları ve dijitalleşmenin etkileri analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçlarında, markaların yenilikçi teknolojileri benimserken geleneksel unsurları da koruduğu, dijital ve geleneksel vitrin tasarım unsurlarını dengeli bir şekilde kullanıldığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Vitrin, Vitrin Tasarım Elemanları, Dijitalleşme, Marka, Ürün