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Since achieving its independence in 1960, Nigeria has struggled almost incomparably to achieve a measure of economic stability and realize its projected economic potential. Through successive regime changes from 1966, the Country alternatively swung from Civilian to Military rule until democracy and relative political stability was eventually restored in 1999. Nonetheless, the challenge of underdevelopment has endured throughout this period. Despite posting impressive figures via economic indicators and boasting what is now regarded as Africa‟s biggest economy, Nigerians still rank among the World‟s poorest people as the wealth of the nation miserably fails to reflect on the vast majority of its people. Several reasons have been nominated for this apparently inexplicable disparity between the Macro-economic and Micro-economic fortunes of the State, ranging from the tartuffery of the Colonial powers to sheer widespread incompetence that permeates society today. However, corruption and insecurity remain the most salient reasons underlying Nigeria‟s lack of development. Together, these twin-evils have become deeply entrenched at the base of the Nigerian social culture and have come to straddle the normative ethical distinction between right and wrong. This paper is aimed at investigating the Nigerian underdevelopment problem with the goal of identifying the causal factors that stunt political and economic efforts at development. The paper is divided into five chapters. The first chapter introduces the topic and key terms; the second chapter reviews the literature and notes some of the most notable scholarly contributions to the subject matter. The third chapter gives a robust historical analysis of the State with respect to the topic. This chapter enlightens the reader on the historical background on which this research is carried out. The fourth chapter conveys the Constructivist insights into the underdevelopment problem in Nigeria, in this chapter a thorough data analysis is carried out in order to validate the insistence on corruption and insecurity as primary causal factors. The fifth chapter contains the summaries, conclusions and predictions. Keywords: Underdevelopment, Corruption, Insecurity, Constructivism
The abstract is assembled as a synopsis of discrete abstracts from diverse studies drafted by the author as they relate to the outlined variables in the dissertation topic. The First study scrutinized the influence of energy utilization, trade receptivity, and financial development on CO2 emissions of 10 countries in the Middle East and North Africa within the period of 1970 to 2017 employing DOLS {dynamic ordinary least squares} and the FMOLS {fully modified ordinary least squares}. The main findings reveal energy utilization and receptivity of trade have a significant positive influence on CO2 emissions. Contrarily, the influence of financial development on the emissions of CO2 is negative and statistically significant. The second study utilized the STIRPAT (Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology model) to investigate the impact of natural resources extraction, population, affluence, and openness in trade on CO2 emissions and energy utilization of 17 SSA (Sub-Saharan Africa) countries from 1971-2019. The Westerlund (2007) Error-Correction Model, The Pooled Mean Group (PMG ARDL), the panel FMOLS {Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square} and dimension group mean Panel DOLS (Dynamic Ordinary Least Square techniques) were used to assess carbon emission and energy utilization long-run multiplier. The empirical results reveal that natural resource extraction, urbanization, and income have a significant positive impact on energy utilization and CO2 emissions in SSA countries in the remote future. On the contrary, openness in trade, in the long run, has a negatively significant influence on energy utilization and the emission of CO2 of SSA countries. The third study examines the interaction of Foreign Direct Investment, fiscal development, renewable energy usage, economic growth, and CO2 emissions of South Africa (1970 to 2014). The findings are: the existence of a statistically significant correlation among the series was detected by the Johansen multivariate cointegration and the ARDL bound cointegration result. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation existed between GDP (economic growth), financial development, and CO2 emissions in both the long run and short run. Contrarily, renewable energy consumption exerts a negative relationship on CO2 in the short run. The granger causality results show proof of bidirectional stimulus running from renewable energy to economic growth.
Federalism is a political system where governmental functions are divided between a central authority and constituent regions within a nation. The first roles of federalism are grounded in the principles of federalism, which advocate for the implementation of a three-tiered system of government in order to enhance individual liberty, equality, freedom, and democratic self-governance. The objective of this research is to examine the challenges of federalism in Africa through a case study of Nigeria. The study adopted the secondary method of data collection via books, journals, articles, and newspapers in order to analyse the challenges of federalism in Africa with a case study of Nigeria. While ethnic federalism and fiscal federalism were adopted as the theoretical framework. The argument of this thesis is that African federal states desire a democratic structure that protects individual liberty, property and independence, as shown by their constitutional history but they do not see federalism as a preeminent form of governance for attaining these objectives. The implementation of federalism in Africa particularly Nigeria, has faced with issues such as racial diversity, political instability, economic imbalance, resource allocation, and institutional capability have plagued African federalism. The study emphasises the need to solve these difficulties to build successful federal institutions that promote integration, ethnic, religious ties, democracy, and growth in Nigeria and Africa The study revealed that Nigeria's founding fathers chose federalism as the best way to protect the basic interests of the federating units due to the country's complex political system. The federal governmental system in Africa including Nigeria has many challenges, such as racial and regional divides, power disparities, inadequate leadership, disputes on resource management, and capability limitations. Based on the findings, the following recommendations were made: Supporting local governments, improving governing bodies, combating corruption, advocating for power-sharing and decentralisation, promoting dialogue and conflict resolution, and amending the constitution to address power imbalances and protect minority rights.
The Murzug region in Libya has an immense potential for oil production. As a result of the perishable nature of raw materials, it imposes a huge effect on the economy. The oil production plant will process high profit and help to the growth of the region. The aim of this study is to evaluate the economic potential of an undeveloped oil field in the Murzug Basin, south of Libya. The thesis aims to provide a financial model to serve as a guide for the future investment in oil field development program in remote area, the southern desert region of Libya. This thesis presents financial analysis study involving financial and sensitivity analyses. The study utilises a financial analysis approach to the problem of identifying and investigating the factors that control and effect the finances of the studied project. Thus, the study uses a financial and sensitivity analyses and draws on data obtained from an existing exploration activity and using it as an adjacent or an analogue to NC101 oil field and development project. This oil field is located south of Libya in the Murzug basin and is called the Al Shararah Field. I have personally made a site visit to the AL Shararah field and have interviewed several geologists, engineers and managers in order to collect accurate information and use them as reference to my thesis. The oil production will generate a positive NPV of 313 million usd dollars and an IRR of 17%, which means the project will generate enough profit from the owner’s perspective. The study also shows that the project will generate enough cash flow to pay its debt obligation. From the cash flow we can observe that the project will generate enough cash to cover its debts as the ADSCR and LLCR average ratio are 3.06 and 3.45 respectively. As for the sensitivity analysis we have identified six risky varaibles which are oil price, foreign inflation (USA) , tariffs per barrell , investment cost overrun, discount rate and the proportion of oil exported . The project was most sensitive to oil price, tariffs per barrel and foreign inflation. As for investment cost overrun the project was not sensitive towards it at all. The project's risks were evaluated using a Monte-Carlo simulation. The distribution of probability is used to show the uncertainty related to the key project variables. The simulation of Monte Carlo analysis was taken for oil prices, tarrif per barrel and foreign inflation .
“Construction sector occupies an important place in the economy of the TRNC, and parallel to the population growth, the demands for buildings continue to increase” (building construction and parcel statistics, 2009). The figures released by the State Planning Organization (SPO) indicate that Urban building has been increased by 13.4% from 131,619(1997) to 308,405 (2009) floor area (m2). This dramatic expansion will result in appearance of the more construction company and of course the more contracts will be signed among contractor and the customers. The objective of the thesis is to explore the source of customer satisfaction and dissatisfaction in the construction industry and understand how it can influence the brand loyalty to retain value customer and gain repeat business and to measure the brand loyalty influences. For this purpose a conceptual model were designed and be tested empirically by using structural equation modeling. Dimensions will be determined which can be significant predictors of overall home-buying satisfaction. In the field of construction, brand loyalty can be defined by having more contracts by the mean of loyal customer with the contractor. For this reason 14 hypotheses were defined and their relationships were tested on the sample of 101 respondents. The results provide empirical support and positive relationship for 10 of 14 hypothesis examined. Keywords: Construction industry, brand loyalty, customer satisfaction.
ABSTRACT:This thesis will attempt to compare the forecasting performance of alternative forecasting models in relation to exchange rates. The models will be applied will include Naïve, Moving Averages, Simple Exponential Smoothing and Time Series Regression. Forecasting the accuracy of each model will be evaluated by calculating Mean Squared Error of each model based on forecasting errors over the past actual data. Keywords: Exchange Rate, Forecast Accuracy, Naïve, Moving Averages, Simple Exponential Smoothing and Time Series Regression. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
The birth of the African Union (AU) in July 2002 was welcome as a milestone in the continent’s drive towards regional integration. Emerging from the ashes of the moribund Organisation of African Unity (OAU), the AU was envisioned with structural, institutional and policy innovations that was supposed to put the continent’s political and economic integration back on the rails. Structures such as the Peace and Security Council (PSC) with its Panel of the Wise; African Standby Force and Peace Support Operations was supposed to strengthen the institution’s capacity in conflict prevention, management and resolution in a continent often plagued by political instability. The Pan-African Parliament (PAP) was envisioned as a legislative body that will articulate the voice of ordinary Africans at the continental stage. Fifteen years after its creation, the question is how far has the African Union gone with its engagements? This research work delves into a critical assessment of the creation and functioning of the structures of the African Union and the institution’s pursuit of its agenda. The research question guiding this study is how far has the AU delivered on the structural and policy reforms that necessitated its emergence?
The airline industry is considered as one of the most competitive industries in the service field. According to International Air Transportation Association (IATA), more than 230 airlines actively operate all over the world. Kazakhstan is not an exception. It has its own airline company, “Air Astana” has strengthened its position not only in local but also in the international markets. Today, it can offer links to more than 60 destinations and provides service in a high competitive environment. “Air Astana” has been chosen as a case study as an airline service provider. Frontline employees in the airlines were chosen as an object of the research. Organizational commitment towards frontline employees was explored from the management point of view and the following service behavior of employees was tracked. In order to conduct the research, 91 employees, and their managers have been surveyed. The role of service employees was exalted recently, and the necessity of employee development as the service performer for the airline organizations became critical. Because the quality of the service, that a company promises to the customers depends on employee performance. Therefore, frontline employee performance is a key factor for customer satisfaction and further loyalty. In order to evaluate the employee job satisfaction and its influences on employee service performance, much of this research has used the management commitment initiatives. Several studies suggest that organizational support, reward, empowerment, and training as the most significant indexes for job satisfaction and further employee service behavior towards customers and co-workers. The lack of the information about the impact of the management commitment to service employees and its consequent outcome in employee`s attitudes and behaviors has not received as much attention in the airline industry. As a result, it leads the current study to compensate the information in the literature and to present the invaluable resources for the management in the organizations. Keywords: management commitment; job satisfaction, customer service behavior; cooperation.
ABSTRACT: The relationship between trade liberalization and economic growth of developing countries has constituted a substantial debate for decades. Findings from some researchers opine a negative effect of trade liberalization policy on the LDCs. Hence, this research work focused on a country case study for Nigeria in investigating whether trade liberalization lead to long run economic growth over a period of 50 years. Using annual data for the period of 1960-2010, a vector error correction model (VECM) is estimated in analyzing the dynamic behavior of economic variables capturing both the short and long-run relationship among them, namely, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), fiscal and monetary policy variables (G) and (M1), and the openness measure for trade liberalization. The findings reveal that trade openness is highly significant in determining economic growth in the long-run while its impact is negligibly small for the time period of the study. On the other hand, the main determinant of long term economic growth is evidenced to be the monetary policy variable and that the largest response comes from the fiscal policy in correcting for any previous deviation from the long-run equilibrium path of the economy. This may suggest that both monetary and fiscal policies may play a greater role in the long-run economic growth of Nigeria rather than trade openness. Keywords: Trade Liberalization, economic growth, Vector Error Correction Model(VECM). …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
The aim of this study is to explore the unit cost of treated wastewater that farmers may be willing to pay per cubic meter for irrigation purposes in other to give up the use of underground water. For this, an appraisal for the wastewater treatment plant was undertaken using the cost-benefit analysis approach. The appraisal assesses solely the financial and sensitivity analysis to enable an efficient long term feasibility and sustainability of the wastewater treatment plant. The financial analysis conducted shows that the FNPV of the treated wastewater plant is positive and significantly large enough to generate high returns on investment for the municipality. Therefore, we can say that, the treatment plant project is feasible and it will be able to generate sufficient cash flows. Also, based on the sensitivity analysis results, it appears that the variables under observations are not sensitive enough to affect the FNPV of the project. At the end of this study, it was found that farmers in Gazimagusa – North Cyprus are paying higher for purifying wastewater (0.39 euros per cubic meter) when compared to what is obtainable by farmers in the South Cyprus (0.15 EUR per cubic meter) of treated wastewater.