Kentsel Politika Planlaması ve Yerel Yönetimler Anabilim Dalı (disiplinlerarası)
Middle East Technical University16
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Bir sanayi kentinin yükselişi ve düşüşü: Karadeniz Ereğli'de değişen yer duygusu
Karadeniz Ereğli is a single-industry city that transformed from a coastal town to an industrial city thanks to the establishment of Ereğli Iron and Steel Company in the 1960s. Kdz. Ereğli as a single-industry city started to change in regard to economic, social, and political aspects, and in the last 60 years, the company has been the major institution to lead these transformations. Erdemir has shaped the memories and identities in the city and changed the characteristic features of the place. The rising period that started with the establishment of the company through its positive social and economic contributions changed the sense of place. However, the privatization of the company in 2006 also shifted the sense of place for the second time. The changed relationship between the company and the city led people to rethink about the values of the place. Therefore, Erdemir as the major institution in the city reproduced the sense of place through its effects on collective memory. This thesis analyzes the changing of sense of place in Kdz. Ereğli throughout this long transformation by placing special emphasis on the role of Iron and Steel factory as the major institution dominating the city. Therefore, this study introduces two important concepts: institutional reproduction of sense of place and institutionally mediated collective memory. In order to argue these concepts, field research has been conducted in Kdz. Ereğli by using semi-structured in-depth interviews to analyze the change of sense of place by Erdemir. Moreover, these interviews provided local perceptions and reevaluations about the place from today to back to the 1960s so that expose the shifts in the sense of place.
Radikal ekoloji ve mekansal planlama kuramları arasında bir sentezleme arayışı
Environmental challenges faced at every scale in our age calls for global and local policy making and planning to take necessary measures to sustain the habitat we live in. Ecology is a major interdisciplinary science covering social and political spheres of these challenges and the role of planning is crucial on the existence and the remedy of ecological challenge. However, the knowledge gap between planning, ecology and environmental ethics, creates a contradiction of attitudes towards nature. This study is an attempt to provide insights to overcome this literature gap by rethinking planning from a radical ecology perspective and vice versa. The necessity of a radical ecology approach in planning derives from the urge to address and to counteract on the ecological challenge with its political and social dimensions. This study attempts to connect radical ecology theories and planning theories as well as providing examples of some environmental movement practices. To this end, relevant planning theories have been evaluated on their spatial approaches, and radical ecology theories have been introduced to lay a groundwork for further debate on how a radical ecology approach could be adopted as a tool to rethink the planning process. In order to give solidified examples of the theories, some environmental movements in Turkey are studied for further discussion to rethink planning with a radical ecology perspective. This study solidifies its efforts on evaluating and cross-referring radical ecology theories, planning theories and environmental movement experiences with their spatial significance. In this analysis, planning as a practice and institution, in theory, is focused on an alternative planning theory based on a radical ecology approach.
Siyasi temsil, toplumsal cinsiyet ve sosyal sermaye arasındaki ilişki: Ankara'daki kadın muhtarlar örneği
Although women are expected to be more visible at municipal and neighborhood levels due to its accessibility, their participation to local politics is even lower than the national level in Turkey. This thesis argues that there is a relationship between women's political representation and social capital. The examination of this relationship built on the in-dept interviews with the 22 female muhtars Ankara. In Turkey's administrational structure, position of the muhtarship is described as the bridge between the local citizens and local authorities. Therefore, they're expected to assist local authorities in the process of service provision by giving information about the needs and demands of the neighborhood. This direct contact with both the citizens and authorities can provide an alternative route for women to participate in local politics. As a muhtar these women use their social capital as both enabler during their candidacy and strategy during their incumbency to gain recognition and to be engaged in service distribution processes. So, this thesis analyzes what are the main motives behind women's candidacy for muhtarship and how does women's social capital, accumulated through their communal relations as well as individual life experience, help to participate in politics and to overcome the obstacles they've faced. Based on the in-dept interviews, this is found that social capital contributes to women's representation in local politics effectively. However, patriarchal relations, male dominated political culture, gendered division of labor pose some challenges to social capital.
Konya Büyükşehir Belediyesi'nin akıllı ulaşım politikalarının eleştirel bir değerlendirmesi
As population in urban areas increases and problems arise as a consequence, many cities turn to smart city transformation. Some scholars argue that smart cities can provide strong solutions to urban problems. Smart city discourse mainly touches upon six major concepts which cities are required to apply to become a smart city: Smart economy, smart people, smart governance, smart environment, smart living and finally smart mobility based on ICT. The most common issues based upon increasing population is transportation problems which has been seen in Turkish cities as well. As a response to these, smart mobility applications are becoming more and more widespread in Turkish urban areas. The purpose of this study is to provide a critical evaluation of transformation of Konya Metropolitan Area through smart mobility tools. Konya Metropolitan Area is becoming heavily car dependent and majority of the smart mobility applications target vehicles. Additionally, some recent policies and actions of the metropolitan municipality focus on public transportation. This study aims to evaluate smart mobility actions and policies in Konya Metropolitan area and to understand how smart mobility has become a main focal point of transportation policies in the city. The research benefits from interviews with Municipal officials as well as official documents such as plans, projects and their associated reports. Finally, the study concludes with some policy recommendations to push smart mobility agenda forward in Konya Metropolitan Area.
Şehir hastaneleri aracılığıyla kent mekanını yeniden yapılandırmak
As it takes place in almost every part of the world, existing built environments and city centers are also being undergoing processes of hollowing out in Turkey. In that regard, city hospitals represent a new face in these hollowing out processes. Existing literature and debates in that topic often focus on financial and spatial impacts and consequences of city hospitals. Therefore, the emphasis is mostly placed on newly formed city hospitals and the spatial environment around them. However, limited number of attention is paid on those areas where the current public hospitals subjected to closure are located. In most cases, these areas have already been in decline and with the closure of these hospitals, the situation will be deteriorated. Launching from this point, in this thesis, while paying attention to certain aspects of newly emerging city hospitals, the main emphasis will be placed on these already troubled areas where public hospitals have been closed in the cities of Turkey. Keywords: Urban Restructuring, Role of the State, Public-Private Partnership, City Hospitals, Urban Decline
Şehir markalama neoliberal bir araç mıdır? Gaziantep kenti örneği
There has been a crucial transformation from manufacturing economy to service-sector (knowledge) economy throughout the world; that is, global economy has emerged. In this study, impacts of global economy and globalization on urban transformation have been analysed from the neoliberal perspective. As cities are open to global influences, new urban strategies have appeared to manage competition among cities and attract more tourists, investors, big companies and so on. Since driving forces of the competition is composed of intangible measures like creative labour, innovative ideas and like, urban transformation as a process has been experienced. There have been two main aims of the study. The first of which is to discuss whether or not city branding is a neoliberal instrument to manage competition among the worlds' cities by giving reference to strong relationship between global economy, globalization and city branding. The second aim is to examine the way Turkish national and local governments understood and implemented the concept of city branding. It has been analysed both in central and local level by focusing especially on Gaziantep as case study. Key Words: city branding, urban transformation, globalization, place branding
Kırsal alanlar bağlamında toplumsal arkeoloji ve geçim kaynakları arasındaki diyalog: Komana/Tokat örneği
Cultural and archaeological heritage, as a reflection of elapsed time, conveys both the traces of past belonging to its immediate territory and also carries them into the future. Throughout centuries new and different layers bearing differing values interweave to contribute to the significance of cultural assets in an intricate way. The cultural, economic, and social dynamics of the territory, where the cultural heritage exists, is shaped by this interwoven and authentic pattern. However, singular and stereotyped implementations focusing only on the conservation of sites and the economic development of rural territories disregarding socio-cultural are remained restricted without an integrated approach. In this framework, the notion of archaeological heritage is reconsidered and integrated with the dynamics of the landscape, which is a conducive resource for subsistence. The study especially explores how the local community and the local governmental institutions responded to the archaeology studies in Komana. The contribution of archaeological and community work to sustainable conservation of archaeological values as well as the livelihoods of the local community are investigated. While a methodology with a more in-depth approach, which includes the problems and perceptions of each party towards the issue with participatory action methods, was developed specially for this study, other studies conducted from the beginning of the project in Komana are also analyzed. Hereby, a guide map has been created in order to lead towards a more efficient community archaeology in the future with obtained experience and to contribute to local development by conserving both archaeological heritage values and resources of livelihoods. Keywords: Community Archaeology, Local Communities, Cultural Heritage, Livelihoods, Local Development
Belediyelerin sınırlarının değiştirilmesinin belediyelerin hizmet sunumu üzerine etkileri: Hatay'da su ve kanalizasyon hizmetleri
The major aim of this dissertation is to determine the effects of changing municipal boundaries on municipal services. The research area is Hatay Metropolitan Municipality which was established by the Law No 6360. This dissertation focuses on water and sewage services of Hatay which was delegated to metropolitan municipality by the law. The research questions are about relation between scale and service provision and the sub-questions are about positive and negative effects of the boundary changes on water and wastewater services in Hatay. At the end, this dissertation finds out if the Law No 6360 has achieved its goals in Hatay and reveals real aims and objectives of the law.
Alt gelir grubunun konut ihtiyacına çözüm olarak sosyal konut: Toplu Konut İdaresinin (TOKİ) dar-orta gelir grubu için konut uygulamalarının değerlendirilmesi
In the last century, after the industrial revolution, the migration from rural areas to urban areas has increased. Therefore, urban areas and urban poor have faced different problems. At that point regarding policies started to be established in order to meet the need of this vulnerable side of the society. The social housing policies increased after the Second World War in European countries with the raising of the welfare state trend in the world. Subsequently, after 1980 with the decrease in the state intervention in economic and social life, the social housing implementations started to lose the popularity among European countries. However, the process occurred later in the developing countries such as Turkey. From this point on, the social housing implementations has started institutionally after 1980s and then TOKİ has become the leader institution in social housing implementations. The establishment motivation of TOKİ was mass housing production as the name indicates. Although there are similarities between the mass housing and social housing concepts, they are different from each other. In order to classify the social housing, the social housing criteria are determined. The aim of this study is questioning the high rate social housing provision discourses of TOKİ in terms of social housing provision. In light of the determined criteria, the implementations of TOKİ which have different features for lower-middle income groups are examined. Thus, the sample housing implementations of TOKİ are criticized and an interview is conducted with the subject matter experts namely the employees in TOKİ. Keywords: housing need, social housing, urban poor, low-middle income households, TOKİ
Ankara Büyükşehir Belediye Meclisi'nde temsilde siyasi adalet değerlendirilmesi
In representative democracies, representation in the councils formed as a result of elections is one of the indispensible elements. In municipal councils, which are the closest administrative units to the public, different opinions should be represented in parallel with the election results as much as possible. Therefore, political fair representation is an important issue in representation. This thesis examines the degree of political fair representation in Ankara Metropolitan Municipal Council by analyzing several local elections that took place between 1963-2019. As a result of this examination, historically, how proportional this council's political representation is; what affects the degree of political fair representation, and how it can be improved are evaluated. In this context, the study also analyzes the legal developments related to local governments in Ankara and their effects on the election results. Furthermore, the elections of the Ankara Provincial General Council from 1963 to 1984 are also examined in terms of over / under-representation. In addition, comparisons are made with the political fair representation in the local councils in London, Paris, and Berlin. It was concluded that Ankara Metropolitan Municipal Council had deficiencies in terms of political fair representation, and recommendations were made.
"Çeper" in karmaşıklığını bölgesel ve tarihsel değişim bakış açısı ile okumak: Datça örneği, Muğla
Urban and rural areas have traditionally been defined as separate from each other both spatially and socially. Therefore, their development policies have been different from each other as well. The problems caused by the separation between urban and rural areas are the most striking in urban fringes. This is due to their complex, heterogeneous, and dynamic structure. Another reason is that many multi-dimensional interactions take place in the fringe and many actors are involved. These areas, which for administrative, spatial, and social reasons can neither be defined as urban nor as rural are directly affected by the development pressure that cities put on them. Especially in a fringe with dominant natural and cultural-ecological values, there is often a conflict between the area's characteristics and the respective planning decisions. In this regard, the complexity theory can help with understanding a fringe's features and their functions. On this basis, the aim of this study is to examine the fringe of the Datça district which is located in the Datça-Bozburun. The fringe's heterogeneous, dynamic, and complex structure and its timeline are examined in terms of horizontal and vertical relations. In other words, this study provides an integrated reading of the area's socio-economic components and associates them with planning decisions. It does so by outlining the component's relationship to the hierarchical spatial structure and the historical change. The research was conducted on two scales, namely the territorial and settlement scales. A spatial analysis of the data was carried out using GIS applications. This spatial reading also proposes a method to understand the urban fringe in protected areas with its rich natural and cultural values. It furthermore helps with making decisions and policies that are compatible with the protected area's characteristics.
Mültecilerin kentsel bağlamda yerleşme ve mekan oluşturma süreçleri: İzmir'deki Suriyeli mültecilerin çok-ölçekli hareketlilik örüntüleri ve yer seçimleri
Although refugee mobility has been considered as a movement taking place at international/regional scales for different reasons in the literature (i.e., forced displacement, labor migration), it is also an open-ended, multi-scalar process that could be traced at the local/urban level. However, the literature is dominated by methodological nationalist approaches, which do not adequately address the geographic continuity of mobility at different scales (international, intra-national and intra-urban), the local socio-spatial outcomes of international refugee mobility, and the underlying mechanisms that lead to the formation of different mobility/emplacement patterns. In this study, by linking the concepts of multi-scalar approach to mobility, emplacement, and local welfare systems to each other, it is aimed to offer an analytical framework to trace the multi-scalar mobility patterns of Syrian refugees in Turkey and to uncover the mechanisms behind the differential patterns of mobility. Concerning the empirical focus, three-stepped fieldwork was designed to reflect the multi-scalar approach of the study (Turkey – international mobility; Izmir – intra-national mobility, and Basmane, Buca, and Karabağlar – intra-urban mobility). In particular, with the multi-scalar framework adopted in this study, the intertwined relationship between refugees' mobility patterns and strategies to access welfare was uncovered. Secondly, the locational attributes (of destination countries, cities, districts/neighborhoods), the local welfare systems (types of welfare components; types/ roles of welfare providers; dialogue/cooperation/conflict between welfare providers and recipients), and the ethnic background/class positions of refugees were found decisive in the formation of different mobility patterns.
Mekânın üretimi ve sosyal uyum: Ankara Demirlibahçe Mahallesi'ndeki Romanlar, Iraklılar ve yerel halk
This research investigates the relationship between social cohesion and the production of space through the socio-spatial transformations that four specific streets of Ankara's Demirlibahçe neighborhood have been experiencing. The primary aim of focusing on these four streets, which have been appropriated by three communities (Roma, Turkmen migrants from Iraq/Telafer, and locals) is to scrutinize how the production of space in particular streets hampers possible social cohesion at the local level. In relation to the first, a second aim is to investigate to what extent immigrants' spatial practices become the basis of their sense of belonging, while in return creating differential spaces within the streets where preexisting social cohesion between the locals and Roma is reshaped. The study presents the ongoing socio-spatial transformations within the Demirlibahçe neighborhood, through tracing three groups' social cohesion processes in/to space and community.
Kentsel müştereklerin oluşumunda sivil toplum örgütlerinin rolü
This thesis aims to examine the function of civil society organizations in the formation of urban commons. In the last half century under the domination of neoliberal ideology, cities have witnessed significant changes. While the modern city has transformed into areas where a series of struggles are given, urban areas are increasingly determined by the logic of the market mechanism. Under this determinism, the concept of commons, which are created through non-market social relations and the production forms other than economic impetus, offers a significant set of political alternatives. In contrast to profit-oriented marketization and privatization structure, when the commons reconsidered in urban context, it would be realized that this has the potential to create new social relations. If these relationships are institutionalized through the practices of organization of civil society, it will be an important tool that creates, transforms and manages urban commons. In this respect, practices that prioritize civil society and relieve the civil sphere and public sphere from the domination of both the state and the market offer very important commoning practices for the urban commons. Both concepts, civil society and the urban commons, must be taken into account the fact that they are highly complex and generate a rich academic debate. The relationship to be established between these two concepts has the potential to offer a wide repertoire for understanding the endless power struggles in cities under global neoliberalism due to the antagonism of both.
Türkiye'de büyükşehir belediyelerinde mali yerelleşme
After 1980, so-called neoliberal transformation has prevailed in numerous countries all around the World including Turkey. Neoliberal policies did not only redesign the economic structure of the countries by displacing welfare states in favors of market forces but also prescribe restructuring schemes for the state apparatuses. In most cases, especially in the early years of the neoliberal reforms, localization of the political structures was at the center of the state restructuration schemes leading to at least discoursively some form of strengthening of the local authorities. In Turkey too neoliberal restructuration of economy and polity was a topical issue after 1980. In the early 2000s, some decentralization schemes were widely discussed and some changes were made at the provincial and municipal levels in 2004 and 2005. It would not be unfair to argue that legal changes made during this period paved the way to the metropolitanization of local government structure in Turkey. With the Metropolitan Municipality system, the central government has also gained the ability to implement and control its national policies at the local level. The dominant discourse on local government has argued that local authorities have been strengthened considerably as a result of mentioned changes in the local government structure after 2004. Fiscal strengthening of the local authorities is part of this discursive argument. This thesis questions the fiscal decentralization and strengthening argument by focusing on the financial conditions of metropolitan municipalities covering the years between 2014-2018. The analysis shows that metropolitan municipalities at metropolitan and district levels have not been strengthened as much as the dominant view on this issue suggests.
Kentsel eskime: Gözlemlenen ve algılanan ölçütlerin Ankara tarihi kent merkezi Ulus bağlamında değerlendirilmesi
Ulus, the historic city center of Ankara, has been experiencing a steady urban obsolescence process, which threatens the cultural values inherited from prehistoric civilizations to the early republican period and the ongoing urban life in the quarter. Although there are many concepts in the literature that defines urban depression in cities, such as urban decline, blight, and shrinkage, they all have nuances in their theoretical background in terms of causes and effects. In the case of Ankara city and Ulus historic city center, the process of urban depression occurred in a rather different socio-economic pattern than the urban decline processes in modern capitalist cities. For this reason, in this study, the concept of urban obsolescence was applied to identify the problems of Ulus. The problems that historic city centers faced is a long-discussed subject in the academic field especially with the aspects of causes and prevention. There are generally accepted transformation approaches such as revitalization for preserving the assets of these areas while providing a function as a dynamic part of the cities. However, it is recognized that these activities cannot eventuate as successfully as desired in Turkish cities. It is assumed that one of the many reasons behind this situation can be the top-down and expert-based practices in the planning system. In this study, it is hypothesized that there might be important differences between the observation of experts and the evaluations of users. In the light of this assumption, an urban obsolescence identification method is formulated to test whether there are remarkable differences between the analyses of an expert from the profession and academy and the evaluations of users of historic quarters.