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Archived Theses
Kocaeli konteyner terminalleri için bir kuru liman modeli
The increase in maritime transport continues due to the increase in global trade. The containerized trade has recently been the fastest-growing segment among all types of maritime transport. The container, which provides great convenience through inland transport after the sea phase, has also triggered the development of intermodal transport. This situation is prominently observed in Kocaeli ports, which perform as an important gate for Turkish foreign trade. These ports almost have very limited opportunities to increase the stacking capacity by expanding their land areas, since they are surrounded by urban settlements. Considering the increase in container traffic, it was calculated that the total available capacity of Kocaeli container terminals would be insufficient to meet the expected demand in 2035. It is considered that the dry port implementation could be an appropriate method to create additional capacity that would be needed. It would also relieve congestion in ports and port cities to a certain extent. In this way, it is foreseen that a port which is about to be constrained due to the capacity problem may increase its transaction volume and revenue. This thesis aims to solve such problems that Kocaeli container terminals may face in the future. Quantitative method was applied in this thesis. First of all, taking into account the possible container traffic in 2035, the capabilities that a dry port should have to be able to support the Kocaeli ports have been examined. In the following stage, the most suitable location for the dry port that would have the required capabilities was determined by an AHP model. The weights of the AHP criteria were determined by a survey method to which 94 experts took part from 11 sectors. In the last stage, an optimization model has been developed to help the sea port authority in the decision-making process for the incoming cargo when the seaport is about to be constrained due to the lack of the space if it is collaborating with a dry port. This optimization model aims to maximize the productivity and the income of the seaport depending on the container transactions. To this end, if the amount of cargo that would arrive for the coming periods is known, the solution of the model reveals how much cargo should be stacked in the terminal and how much should be sent to the dry port. This model was tested with a case study that could be encountered in the 2030s. It is seen that the transportation capacity to be provided between sea port and dry port is an extremely important factor. Besides, it has been determined that dry port implementation will provide additional benefits for dry port and railway operator as well as sea port. On the other hand, it is considered that as a result of transferring the cargo to the railroad which is an environmentally friendly type of transport instead of truck, the traffic disturbance in the port city and the associated harmful gas emission would be reduced to a certain extent.
A model on risk analysis methods in ship handling during port manoeuvres
Ports are the connection points between the sea and the land in the maritime industry, have an important role in world trade. Ports host many ships each day. The characteristics of the ships that can manoeuvre within the port limits are determined depending on the technical structure of the ports and the environmental conditions of the ports' location. The characteristics of the ships such as their type, length, width, draft, and tonnage are important factors that determine the port's limitations. If these restrictions are not followed, it is inevitable for marine accidents to happen within the port area, which can lead to severe consequences such as deaths and injuries, material damage, environmental pollution, and even disasters. Risk analysis studies are carried out in order to prevent possible accidents at the ports and to determine the perils that may occur. When the studies in this field are examined, it is determined that different risk analysis methods are utilized. By using these analysis methods, the dangers sourced from ship manoeuvring that may occur within the port limits are tried to be analyzed. While the coastal structures such as port or pier, dock, dolphin located in the port built in Turkey are at the project stage, a modeling report on ship manoeuvres is requested by the Turkish Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure. In this report, it is requested to evaluate the ship manoeuvres with a risk analysis method by using ship bridge simulator systems. With this modeling report prepared, it is determined which ships are suitable for manoeuvring the coastal structure planned to build under various environmental conditions. The modeling report is prepared only by ministry-authorized institutions. When these reports prepared by the institutions are examined, it is seen that each institution apply different risk analysis methods. The purpose of this study is to create a risk analysis model to be used in the prepared modeling reports and to determine with this modeling report which ships are suitable for manoeuvring in a port and under which environmental conditions ship can manoeuvre. Fine-Kinney and Fuzzy Fine-Kinney methods were chosen as the main risk analysis methodology for this study, which have not been used in the related literature. In the study, a full mission ship's bridge simulator was used in created scenarios by taking various environmental conditions into account and coming alongside manoeuvres were carried out by masters with a pre-determined ship on a pier at a port in Istanbul. After the end of each manoeuvre, surveys were filled out and assessments were made by masters that are considered as experts in maritime domain. According to results obtained from the risk analysis methods applied in the study, it was determined which ships with which characteristics are suitable for manoeuvring and under which environmental conditions. In addition, both risk analysis methods applied were compared at the end of the study and it was seen that consistent results were obtained from both methods. It was determined that both analysis methods are applicable, but the Fuzzy Fine-Kinney method gives more precise results than the Fine-Kinney method. It is expected from both methods to contribute to future studies in this area. In addition, as a result of this study, a risk analysis model is created for institutions to benefit in their modeling reports. Keywords: Ship Manoeuvres, Risk Analysis, Fine-Kinney, Fuzzy Fine-Kinney
Effects of risk management practices for prevention of ferry accidents
The navigation through sea is different from the ones happened over a road. These specific differences present at sea are various risk factors on ships. The sea environment encounters with many different accidents because of ships. Serious problems can arise in the environment due to the effects of which are caused by the ships. In this manner, it is an important research approach to reduce the accidents that occur in the sea, to prevent the loss of life and property, and to provide solutions to prevent environmental disasters that can occur in the event of an accident. Among the other types of vessels, Ferryboats provide a critical mode of transportation for especially within rivers and close sea areas that have no bridge on it and in archipelagic islands. Ferryboats are very special type of vessels because they make people-based transportation. In such ships, even small accidents can cause great loss of life. As associated with the explanations, subject of this dissertation study is associated with ferry accidents. In detail, the study aims to focus on applying the risk management in ferry accidents at sea. Within this aim, ferry accidents have been explained in detail and more consideration was given to the benefits of applying risk management approaches to overcome the issues regarding to ferry accidents occurred at sea. In this thesis study, the international legislation in this subject and the methods developed up to this date are examined and the importance of applying risk management approaches to remove / reduce the causes of ferry accidents is mentioned. At this point, the problems were evaluated separately in the conditions of World and Turkey. Through the study, it has been examined the recent literature in detail and tried to provide a comprehensive reference for the researchers interested in the related subject / sub-subjects of the study.
Usage of uavs (unmanned aerial vehicles) to support port security: A case study for Ambarli Port by routine drone patrols
Maritime transportation is vital for world trade due to primarily economic reasons, the location of states and states' necessity. However, the concept of maritime security shaped in order to prevent threats in maritime transportation. The International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code) is available within the scope of the port security concept, which is a sub-subject of the maritime security concept The ISPS Code, which includes the safety measures to be taken at ships and ports, aims to ensure their sustainability in a standard framework, was adopted on 2002 and entered into force on 2004 by International Maritime Organization (IMO). Security implementations are available for ports under the ISPS Code. Although these implementations are under the state authorities within the IMO, mandatory minimum standards are set out in its content. Our assumption is that there is a lack of surveillance on ports in the ISPS Code, despite the security implementations that exist in the ISPS Code. The aim of the thesis is to improve the security in ports by using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and apply a mathematical model for determining the location of the UAVs' platforms and patrols for each UAV. This methodology is applied to Port of Ambarlı for improving port security. Face to face meetings carried out with port authorities to collect data on the model. The model is solved with using relevant data by Advanced Interactive Multidimensional Modeling System (AIMMS). Different scenarios have been developed and the platforms and the routes of the UAVs are determined. Keywords: Maritime security, Port security, ISPS Code, UAVs, Location and routing problem
Redesign of drivetrain component of a shell eco marathon vehicle for additive manufacturing via topology optimization
Additive Manufacturing (AM) has been an emerging technology and an important alternative to conventional manufacturing methods as it enables production of lighter parts that are potentially more durable. In this context, the design for additive manufacturing (DFAM) has been drawing considerable amount of attention mainly in aerospace, automotive industries as well as in academia. On the other hand, the ability of additive manufacturing to manufacture complex topology often is the outcome from topology optimization, makes topology optimization a good design tool for additive manufacturing. The use of lighter and more durable components is of critical importance in aerospace and automotive industries due to the goals for more efficient use of the energy resources and / or higher performance. The main objective of the present work is to redesign a structural component of the drivetrain of the Shell Eco-Marathon vehicle, SAITEM EVRIM-4, with the use of Altair Inspire™, an industrial generative design tool, by application of Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing aiming mass reduction. The results of finite element analysis that have been performed as part of the present work clearly show that the redesigned part is capable of withstanding to applied loads while the part is in operation. Moreover, a significant mass reduction is achieved with the redesigned model.
Cybersecurity risk assessment for tankers and defence methods
Ships take significant place in the maritime transport, and technological developments are rapidly reflected on ships. A wide range of equipments, such as GPS ECDIS, AIS and ARPA-Radar is utilized in this field in order to ensure safe navigation on a ship. However, several studies have also been published that show cyber vulnerabilities in navigational equipments. Moreover, cyber attacks in the maritime industry also have led to gain importance of cybersecurity at sea. When compared to other vessel types, such as dry cargo vessels and RO-ROs, tankers are more likely to pollute the environment, to cause more people to be injured or died and more economic loss after an arising accident due to the cargo they carry. Due to this known fact, inspections on cybersecurity have been started firstly on tankers through vetting programmes of TMSA, SIRE and CDI. IMO requires all maritime companies to carry out a cyber risk assessment by 2021. In this study, the potential cyber risks of equipments in the bridge, engine room and cargo control room on a tanker underway were assessed. As a result of the assessment, a total of 31 risks are identified in nine categories, and 37 procedural and technical measures that could be taken against these risks are examined. The risks either before taking measure or after taking measures are evaluated by using the Fuzzy Fine-Kinney method. Thus, effectiveness of the suggested measures is approached.
Modelling of wedge water entry problem by SPH method
Due to its importance in many practical applications in ship hydrodynamics and ocean engineering, the water entry problem is a challenging problem due to the modeling of instantaneous high pressures that occur during a collision of any arbitrary body to the fluid medium. Specifically, understanding of the physical phenomenon that occurs during the motion of a ship body provides useful information for optimization for structural endurance and motion stability. Numerical techniques enable us to obtain significant outcomes based on their theoretical background which is used to define the physical problem mathematically. During its motion in severe service conditions, a ship body is exposed to extreme and sudden pressure changes on its external shell structure causing impact loadings. In this manner, wedge entry phenomenon that may cause damaging impacts is because of fluid-solid interaction and shall be regarded as extremely important since its investigation provides useful information for the structural design and predicting endurance of the hull geometry. Numerical methods to solve mathematical models for such phenomenons can provide quantitative outcomes for pressure distribution over the region where fluid-solid interaction occurs. As an engineering approach, the cross-section of a ship body in two-dimension is geometrically approximated as a wedge and pressure distribution along the edges is investigated for various collision scenarios. Developments in the computational technology have provided faster computations and accelerated the to obtain numerical results. In time, computational power has spread in science and technology as well as in computational implementations of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics. The aim of this thesis study is to model the problem of access to the element numerically by using the Lagrangian particle based sph method. In this scope, a two-dimensional SPH algorithm was developed and a triangular body was first modeled at a constant speed to the calm water surface. The pressure distributions on the surface of the triangular body are calculated at the given sensor points of the experimental/numerical measurements in the literature. Furthermore, additional treatments which are known as viscous penalty method and fluid-solid interaction are coupled with weakly compressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics method and obtained numerical results are correlated with reference studies.
Evaluation of noise pollution by utilizing noise mapping: a case study for assessing effects of noise on occupational health and safety at container terminals
In every kind of workplace, depending on the on-going processes, sound is an integral part of the job being done. People occupying the area are directly exposed to a variety of sounds. Irrespective of their content, when the level reaches unwanted degrees it then becomes noise. Environmental noise, as it may have physical and physiological adverse effects on human health, has always been a social and occupational concern for people. Hence, identifying the amount of exposure to noise becomes a necessity in frequently used work places. In maritime field, there are a vast range of sources that could create unwanted noise levels in work places. Especially during port operations, either continuous or intermittent, noise sources may cause occupational health problems. Main assumption of this research bases on the fact that container terminal environment by nature involves a variety of shore-based noise sources which are someway harmful to human health. This assumption can only be proved by firstly making area-specific noise measurements, then analyzing the data obtained through this effort and finally by comparing the results to the standards set by national and international organizations. With this perspective on mind, this study firstly reviews the existing data on noise related problems and then discusses the methods for assessing and evaluating noise levels and then puts forward the international standards on the issue. Using a quantitative approach, the study utilizes full day measurement method as per ISO 9612:2009 Acoustics – Determination of occupational noise exposure – Engineering method at a container port to measure and evaluate operational noise levels at a running container terminal. The measurements are taken with intervals of 2 or 10 minutes in selected 30 points in the areas of the loading/discharging docks. For taking measurements a Sound Level Meter (Brüel & Kjaer 2260) was used and evaluation was performed through 7815 Noise Explorer software. Then, a thorough noise map of the workplaces concerned was generated. Research findings have revealed that the equivalent sound pressure levels in all workplaces where measurements are taken were around 76 dB which, though not drastically high, still falls under the harmful band of the noise. As one of the major assumptions of the study suggests, the results have shown that technological advances in port equipment and procedures does not always positively contribute to noise issue at container port terminals during cargo operations. However, the results of the study still make an attempt to contribute to enhancing environmental noise awareness as well as promoting efforts of researchers for further works in the field.
Developing a combined qualitative ship valuation estimation model
The concept of value is as old as the history of humanity and is being discussed on that every period. The complex structure of maritime trade, the high uncertainties, and the lack of transparency of commercial data make ship valuation difficult. There are three most preferred approaches in maritime market to determine ship's valuation. These are marketing approach, income approach and cost approach. However, these approaches do not provide the fair value of the ships. The fair value is depending on the economy of scales. Particularly, determining of the fair value becomes more difficult in times of crisis. The determination of the direction in which supply-demand balance will occur due to instability in periods of economic crisis, and the volatility of the market, necessitate the use of combined mathematical methods. Brokers experience difficulty in determining a ship's real value because of the lack of instant and unbiased data that can be accessed at anytime and anyplace in the world. Mostly, brokers use a marketing approach to determine a ship's value. However, a marketing approach does not give an accurate solution under all conditions. Ships, especially those ranging in age from 6-25, that is, more than five years old, need to be evaluated with a combined method which differs from marketing approaches. There is no systematic and standard mechanism to determine a ship's value worldwide. The aim of this study is to develop a reliable ship valuation mechanism using namely the "Combined Qualitative Ship Valuation Estimation Model (CQSVEM)" to validate the ship's actual price. Within this model, the ship's fair value can be calculated more accurately. According to concrete result of analysis, on average the second-hand price of bulk carriers' sales from 2014 to 2017 in the range of 18,233 dwt -172,549 dwt increases by $17.313 per 1 DWT while it loses $671.278 in value per 1 AGE annually. Hence, analysis indicated that the depreciations of these bulk carriers suffer from 5.2% to 7.2% per year. As a result of the analysis, it was found that a price difference in the range of $ 2.68M to (-) $ 2.49M was reasonable, while transactions outside this range were subject to excessive or low pricing. However, reasonable prices that are 40% of whole transactions are realised in the high volatile market. By running CQSVEM, the reasonable value of a ship can be calculated more accurately. This model, composed of eleven stages, will be useful in determining the fair value and to provide decision making support for willing buyers, willing sellers and other related third parties.
Evaluation of operational factors for the energy efficiency optimization of high-speed roro vessels by trim optimization
Fuel-Efficiency are the primary concern on management of Energy Efficiency in the maritime industry. The most substantial element of the running cost of vessels is fuel consumption, which also has a huge effect on Global Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions. International Maritime Organization (IMO) has formed the Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator (EEOI), which gives data concerning the energy of the ships in operation. The fuel consumption is the principal figures for the prognostication of EEOI and many operational standards are focusing on reducing fuel consumption such as speed adjustment, improvement of voyage plan, routing according to the weather forecast and arranging on time schedules. Trim optimization is one of the most used fuel-saving methods specified by IMO. Several of the studies in the literature are about Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) calculations and other theoretical methods. However, Literature needs more studies about the implementation of CFD results to real-life to evaluate if calculated results confirmed with the real-field data. During this research, real course data of high-speed RO-RO vessels evaluated and compared the outcomes of the Trim optimization software which is generated with the CFD method to define optimum trim conditions of these vessels corresponding with different displacements. Specially designed Trim Optimization software (Eco Assistant) based on CFD calculations developed by DNV GL was used by sister ships selected in this study. The vessels in which the dataset was obtained were built-in the identical shipyard in 2005 and had the equivalent technical details. They have completed the same Hull performance and displacement between certain ports in the same geographical area. The actual field data of the test vessels were evaluated with the methodology of ISO 19030 Standards to eliminate of operational factors affecting the energy efficiency such as hull performance, engine, propeller system ,displacement and speed, statistically analysed by means of tailed sample t-test and the fuel-saving results of Trim optimization software compared with the actual fuel consumptions outcomes. As a result, it has been observed that trim optimization software based on CFD calculations provides fuel saving among only one of the vessels tested.