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Family policies in different welfare state models: Spain and Sweden examples
The purpose of this study is to examine the family policies in welfare states and to emphasize how important the family policies implemented in those countries. Policies concerning the family, which is the main unit of the society, are directly related with the development level of that country. When we handle the family policies of today and the past, we see that women are still considered as the main providers of care in the house even if more effective policies are developed. Therefore, we can state that family policies cannot be handled comparatively without incorporating social equality dimension in all measurements aimed at family policies.For this aim, the family policies of two different welfare states, a Mediterranean country, Spain and a Nordic country, Sweden will be shortly analyzed as for their welfare state typologies and the family policies of these countries will be examined under the titles of child care, parental leave, child/family allowances and taxation. Finally, the family policies of these two countries will be briefly compared to each other.When compared with other European Union Spain?s welfare system does not provide a good example of the effects of social security and other policies on gender roles because, by comparison with other European countries, provision in areas such as maternity benefit, child and family policy is limited. Sweden, though it is currently undergoing welfare reforms, is still one of the most generous and comprehensive examples of a welfare system, which is supposed to help women, especially in policies which are meant to ease women?s re-entry to work and support them in the task of balancing family and paid work responsibilities.Keywords: Gender, family policy, welfare state, child-care, parental leave, taxation, women
Readmission agreements and human rights considerations: Is Turkey safe enough?
In today's politics the relation between human rights and national security can be described as a tug of war. The more measures are taken for security concerns, the less focus is given to the human rights concerns. One of the most controversial area which cause this dilemma is the migration control. As a result of the securitization of migration in Europe, EU adopted more preventive migration policy, which aims at transferring the responsibility of migration control to outside the EU. As a tool of this externalisation policy, the EU signed many readmission agreements to be able to return irregular migrants to their country of origin or third countries. Those readmission agreements are highly criticized by the NGOs for undermining the refugee protection. A recent readmission agreement between Turkey and EU has been signed in December 2013. When it is taken into account that majority of the irregular migrants directed to EU pass through Turkey from the countries which are not respectful to fundamental rights, the implications of the readmission agreement between Turkey and EU worth to examine. Accordingly this study examines the compatibility of readmission agreements with the human rights obligations and to what degree the international humanitarian and refugee protection norms are considered when negotiating and implementing EU readmission agreements. Keywords: Irregular Migration, Readmission agreements, externalization, human rights, European Union, Turkey
Building innovative society: The European Union innovation policy - is an instrument or is a goal ?
The purpose of this dissertation is to review research on the EU innovation policy to determine success factors to build an innovative society. The reviewed studies highlight different factors for the successful implementation of innovation policy. On this extent, this dissertation focuses specifically on the interaction and collaboration between supply side of the EU innovation policy (policy makers) and the demand side (society-individuals) of the innovation policy and elaboration the governance model of EU 2020 Strategy to assess the taking lessons from the Lisbon Strategy's fail. This dissertation argues that EU innovation policy needs to be designed and remain as an instrument to tackle with the grand challenges (real goal) that are stated by the policy makers of the EU. Thus, now, the name of the game is formation of innovation policies with people (society), not for people. In the light of the findings, this dissertation may stimulate more research in the field of the EU Innovation Policy. Keywords: EU Innovation Policy, the Lisbon Strategy, EU 2020 Strategy, Innovative Society,Social Innovation
Sivil koruma alanında Avrupalılaşma imkânları: İtalya ve Hırvatistan örnekleri
Civil protection is one of the areas where the European Union (EU) coordinates the efforts of the Member States to minimize the effects of emergencies and disasters. In line with the subsidiarity principle, EU level civil protection mainly depends on the national capacities of the Member States. Therefore, civil protection is an area where the EU regulations do not have a binding power and the Union is mainly supporting the Member States in their civil protection efforts. The main aim of this study is to understand the prospects of Europeanization in the field of civil protection, where all the Member States have their own unique civil protection systems and the EU level coordination is mainly dependent on the domestic systems and resources. To understand the prospects of Europeanization, the study examines the main aspects of the current civil protection system of the EU and shows to what extent non-binding governance paves the way for Europeanization. For this aim, two Participating States of the Union Civil Protection Mechanism (UCPM), Italy and Croatia, are examined as case studies.
Beslenme eğitimi alanında kamu-özel ortaklıkları: Türkiye'de ve Avrupa Birliği'nde uygulanan politikalar ve bulgular
Health promotion and nutrition policies gained increased prevalence in public health as a result of the neoliberal transformation in both the EU countries and in Turkey over the last three decades. To better understand the nature and implications of these transformations in public health, this thesis focussed on the development of public private partnerships (PPPs) in the implementation of nutrition policies in the EU member states and Turkey. The research found that PPPs were widely used to implement nutrition programs in both the EU countries and in Turkey. The PPPs aimed at public education programs faired more strongly in Turkish case compared with those in the EU countries that included a wider variety partnership such as product distribution. Concise fieldwork conducted for the Turkish case of the research in Ankara and Istanbul with representatives of public and private sector representatives of PPPs revealed important findings. Partnerships were initiated by private sector representatives who applied to the Ministry of Education to organise public education programs about nutrition at schools. According to the representatives of the private sector, partnerships with the public sector allow them to fulfil their "social responsibilities", increase the visibility of their brand mark and enhance customer loyalty for these products. According to public authorities, the most important benefit of partnerships with the private sector is the funding provided for the implementation of nutrition programs. In addition to funding, representatives of the Ministry also mention that training provided by the private sector to school teachers about nutrition is another benefit of the programs. Both parties voiced their concerns about the possible conflict of interests in the programs and expressed measures they took to prevent them. The research also showed that Turkey had a remarkable experience regarding the public-private partnerships in nutrition policies; however; a guideline indicating the principals of partnerships should be developed for future programmes.
Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği Gümrük Birliği'nin güncellenme süreci
This thesis aims to review the process for modernising the Customs Union between Turkey and the European Union, followed by an investigation of the political reasons which led to the suspension of the negotiations. The analysis begins with an appraisal of the theoretical framework to better understand the workings of the Turkey-EU CU as an economic integration model to facilitate and liberalize trade. Then comes an investigation of the important milestones in the relationship between Turkey and the EU in its historical context, to provide insights into the unique characteristics of the CU between the two parties. The scope and the functional shortcomings of the CU are discussed. The case for the revision of the CU between Turkey and the EU is made in the light of the legitimate reasons raised in documents drawn up by crucial agencies in Turkey and the EU and the analyses performed by independent third parties. Moreover, the TTIP and Brexit processes are analyzed as external factors with an effect on the process for the revision of the CU. In conclusion, it is found that politics pose a so-far insurmountable obstacle despite the obvious need for the modernisation of the CU, and the benefits such an update would bring. At this junction, the ups and downs of the relations between Turkey and the EU are discussed in the historical context, to explain why the CU modernisation process is politicised as such. Moreover, Germany's impact on the politicisation of the negotiations for the modernisation of the CU is investigated, leading to the finding that Germany's perception of Turkey is a determining factor shaping Turkey's accession process and the CU modernisation process. Keywords: Modernisation of the Customs Union between Turkey and the EU; Turkey- European Union Relations; Politicisation of the Customs Union Modernisation Process; Germany's Role in Decisions of the EU Regarding Turkey
Sürdürülebilir kalkınma gündeminin hayata geçirilmesinde ulusal insan hakları kurumlarının rolünü anlamak: Avrupa örneği
This thesis aims to analyze the role of the European National Human Rights Institutions in global governance through the UN 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. Throughout the research it has been observed that NHRIs are evolving and academic works lag behind capturing their expanding role. Within this context, this thesis attempts to understand the possible contribution of NHRIs to the implementation and follow-up process of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Throughout the thesis National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) and their expanding role will be analyzed in a historical context and different types of NHRIs located in Europe will be examined. Also, the linkages between the Sustainable Development Agenda and the human rights will be examined within the context of Merida Declaration 2015. In this context, this thesis suggests that Sustainable Development Agenda and human rights are mutually reinforcing. Also, the European NHRIs are important actors in filling global governance gaps regarding SDG implementation process. Keywords: National Human Rights Institutions, Sustainable Development Goals, global governance, Merida Declaration
İkincil yaptırımlar ve bu yaptırımların Avrupa Birliği üzerindeki etkileri: İran vakası
Sanctions are widely used as a response to foreign crises.The US is one of the in- ternational actors that has been imposing sanctions for a long time, but it became a particularly prominent foreign policy tool under Obama and Trump's administra- tions. Especially secondary sanctions, the sanction type affects the third party, which is not subject to the official sanction policy. This work tries to shed light on how the EU's business and economy has been af- fected by the US sanctions imposed on Iran primarily, and the cases of secondary sanctions under other sanctions policies would be used as supplementary material. EU is not a direct party in those sanction programs and is willing to keep business ties with these countries. However, despite the EU's encouragement, EU-based companies willingly refused any economic actions towards the sanctioned coun- tries, fearing that the US would impose secondary sanctions. This behavior has been explained through the new concept self-sanctioning. Moreover, the EU has been trying to overcome this issue by suggesting several mechanisms to provide a stable ground for the economic ties with sanctioned countries. This is an issue that has economic repercussions and sits within the wider context of not only state to state but state to business relations. From this wider context, this thesis will focus on this primary research question: How did the US's sanctions, within the scope of the Islamic Republic of Iranian sanctions policy, affected the economic environ- ment of the European Union under Obama and Trump's administration?
Ekonomik entegrasyonun Avrupa Birliği'nin insan hakları yaklaşımının gelişimiyle ilişkisi
This thesis intends to understand whether the European Union (EU)'s economic integration has had an effect on the development of its human rights approach by exploring the relationship between economic integration and human rights in the EU. To answer the research question of the thesis (has the EU's economic integration influenced the development of its human rights approach?) first, the historical evolution of human rights approach of the EU is outlined. Then, from comparative regionalism perspective, the relationship between economic integration and human rights in the Southern Common Market (Mercosur) is explored by reviewing the relevant literature to draw insights for the EU case as well as analysing this relationship in general. While Mercosur case highlights the distinct features of the EU path especially in terms of its institutional design and legal framework, it also reveals some common patterns with regard to the link of economic integration and human rights in regional integration projects that have a strong economic dimension. Lastly, the relevance of economic integration of the EU to its approach towards human rights, in the light of the insights drawn from literature review and the findings derived from the history of human rights of the EU, is examined. The thesis concludes with the argument that economic integration of the EU has had a significant influence on the route of the development of its human rights approach, along with several other components.
Türkiye gençliği arasında Avrupa Birliği'ne olan desteğin dinamiklerini anlamak: Örtük tutumların önemine dair bir inceleme
Siyaset bilimi literatüründe, Türkiye kamuoyunun Avrupa Birliği'ne yönelik tutum araştırmalarının az sayıda olduğu ve sınırlı dinamikleri ele aldıkları görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, AB'ye yönelik tutumlar sosyal kimlik ve sistemi meşrulaştırma kuramları çerçevesinde, örtük çağrışım testi (ÖÇT) ve anket ölçüm yöntemleri kullanılarak ele alınmaktadır. Önceki çalışmalar, örtük tutumların oy verme davranışını açıklamada faydalı olabildiğini göstermiştir (bknz. Iyengar and Westwood 2015; Raccuia2016; Ryan 2017). Bu çalışmada, üç farklı üniversitenin öğrencilerinden ve dört siyasi partinin gençlik kollarından oluşan 247 kişilik bir örneklem ile, açık ve örtük tutumların Türkiye'de AB'ye yönelik yapılabilecek (varsayımsal) bir üyelik referandumunu açıklamadaki rolleri karşılaştırılmaktadır. Ampirik analizler, Türkiye gençliğinin AB'ye yönelik tutum ve algılarında Türk milli kimliğinin merkezi bir rol oynadığını göstermektedir. Lojistik regresyon analizinde, AB'ye yönelik açık tutumlar, katılımcıların referandumdaki oy verme davranışını diğer değişkenlerden daha başarılı şekilde açıklayabilmektedir. Öte yandan, diğer açık tutum ölçekleriyle anlamlı kore-lasyonlar göstermesine rağmen, örtük tutumların oy verme davranışını varsayılan düzeyde açıklayamadığı ortaya konulmuştur. Diğer analizlerde, örtük ölçümlerin AB ve Türkiye arasındaki sistem sınırlarının meşruiyetine yönelik algıları anlamlı şekilde açıkladığı görülmektedir. Tüm bu kuramsal beklentiler ve ampirik bulgular, kamuoyunun süregelen Türkiye-AB ilişkilerine ve çeşitli siyasi tercihlerine yönelik karmaşık algılarını anlayabilmek adına sırasıyla tartışılmaktadır.
Avrupa Birliği'nin göçmen krizi'nde Türkiye'nin muhtemel rolünün incelenmesi: 2014-2019
Over the years, the European Union has faced many problems, however, in recent years, an unprecedented flow of irregular immigrants has been on the agenda of the European Union. When the irregular immigrant crossings exceeded one million in 2015, the crisis has become a prioritized issue for the EU. Ever since that time, the Union tried to find many solutions to tackle the crisis. This thesis argues that the EU has dealt with its migratory pressures by outsourcing the solution to Turkey in which led to a cooperation between the EU and Turkey regarding the migration. This cooperation is shaped by Turkish policies and bargaining among member states. Therefore, this thesis will evaluate the EU level responses coming from the institutions, particularly focusing on the cooperation with Turkey emerged out of the migration crisis. By evaluating the EU level responses and the cooperation with Turkey, two grand theories are used which are neofunctionalism and liberal intergovernmentalism. While the institutional outcomes are examined by the neofunctionalist arguments, the bargaining among the member states is evaluated by the liberal intergovernmentalism. The thesis provides empirical evidence from statements, progress reports, commission reports, UNHCR, EU data and many others in order to observe how a new form of cooperation emerged between EU and Turkey with regards to migration.
Aday ülkede Avrupalılaşma sürecinden uzaklaşma: Avrupa Birliği normlarının içsel kabulünün analizi
After the destructions of the Second World War, the European Union was founded in order to avoid another war and has evolved into a significant actor which promotes certain values and norms ranging from democracy to protection of human rights. With regards to the influential aspect of the Union, the external incentive model attempts to explain how the European Union has had a great impact on transforming other countries into adopting the norms and values of the Union as in the example of Central Eastern European Countries' compliance which led to the big bang enlargement. The question of how effective the conditionality tool of the Union has been one of the main focus points of the literature regarding the European Union. A puzzling case for the influential aspect of the Union is Turkey. The relations between the European Union and Turkey have encountered different phases including both ups and downs. However, the success of the conditionality of the Union which can change due to divergent aspects of conditionality ranging from the credibility to the size and speed of rewards has been controversial in the example of Turkey with its declining compliance over the years. The thesis will examine how Turkish compliance decreased over time and will show expectation between the credibility of conditionality and compliance through examining the regular progress reports of Turkey and indexes with regards to fundamental rights.
AB'nin Afrika'da Güvenlik Aktörü Olarak Varlığı: Sahil Mali Örneği
During the Cold War era, EU's global role was mostly limited to trade and environmental policies. The establishment of the CFSP meant that the EU could now become an independent security actor in world politics. One of the regions in which the EU has asserted this new role of global security actorness is Sub-Sahara Africa where about 50% of CFSP operation have been carried or ongoing. Sub-Sahara Africa is important for the EU for both economic and security purposes. The region serves as a source of raw materials for the EU. Additionally, it is home to terrorist groups such as AQIM, Boko Haram, that can inspire terrorist attacks to European countries. These factors have contributed to the EU asserting more roles as a security actor in the region. This thesis aims to answer the question of the extent to which the EU is an effective security actor in Africa, with a focus on Sahel Mali. While literature on EU operations has assessed EU's effectiveness from several dimensions including cohesion, autonomy, authority, recognition, presence, and capabilities, this thesis assesses the effectiveness of EU as a security actor in Africa based on cohesion. Cohesion serves as the most appropriate dimension as it also paves the way for the other dimensions.
Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye: Doğu Akdeniz'e ilişkin çekişme ve egemenlik haklarının çakışması
The Eastern Mediterranean has become the important focus for the states due to its newly found hydrocarbon reserves. At the beginning of discoveries, it was thought that these reserves could contribute to promoting peace in the region. However, these reserves increased the tensions among littoral states and heated old disputes such as the Cyprus issue. The drilling activities aim to discover potential hydrocarbon reserves in the region induced tension because of the uncertainty and ongoing disagreement regarding the maritime jurisdiction in the Eastern Mediterranean. The European Union and Turkey are the main sides of the conflict that arose in the region since both sides seek to diversify their energy resources. This thesis claims that the hydrocarbon reserves and drilling activities in the Eastern Mediterranean have adverse effect on the EU-Turkey relations because of the Cyprus issue and contestation over the maritime zones in the region.