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Transgenerational transmission of trauma: investigating cognitive, emotional and behavioral forms of transmission among Marmara Earthquake survivors
The present study examined transgenerational transmission of trauma over 1999 Marmara Earthquake on children of survivors in terms of metacognitive, emotional and behavioral aspects. Transmission was inferred by looking at two things. First, whether parental earthquake-related memories were transmitted to the next generation was investigated. To do that, to what extent severity of parental exposure to earthquake was related to the child's inclusion of earthquake memory into his/her biographical knowledge about the parent was measured. Second, whether parental trauma was transmitted to the next generation via some metacognitive, emotional and behavioral outcomes was examined. Participants were assigned to trauma and comparison group based on whether their parents directly experienced the 1999 Earthquake in Kocaeli (Gölcük, İzmit, Karamürsel, Derince) or not. When adolescences were asked to recall 10 most important events from their parent's life, 65.6% of trauma group and 5.5% of comparison group included 1999 Marmara Earthquake events. However, trauma and comparison group children did not significantly differ from each other on metacognition, emotion regulation, internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. These results indicated that although earthquake related traumatic experiences were transmitted to the next generations through memories, negative impacts of these experiences did not reveal about themselves via next generations' metacognitive emotional and behavioral problems as measured by quantitative scales.
The mediating roles of emotion dysregulation and metacognition in the relationship between terrorism and community violence related risk appraisals and psychological symptomatology
The purpose of the present study was to examine the mediating roles of emotion dysregulation and metacognition in the relationship between terrorism and community violence related risk appraisals and psychological symptomatology. Brief Symptom Inventory, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-Brief Form, Terror Risk Perception Questionnaire and Metacognition Questionnaire were used to collect data from university students (between 18-23 years old) who have been living in Ankara at least 3 years. The results of multiple mediation models indicated that risk appraisals towards terrorist attacks and community violence incidents may lead to difficulties in emotion regulation and to use of unhelpful metacognitive functions that may also lead to disrupting psychological functioning in the youth population. The findings of the present study have clinical and psychosocial implications. In clinical implications, cognitive and emotional skills of youth would be supported by working on emotion regulation and metacognitive functions. In psychosocial implications, youths' the sense of control and safety would be improved by community-based interventions and policies.
Age differences in remembering mixed emotional experiences
In many cases, we experience different kinds of mixed emotions, but the concepts related to those experiences are still being studied. The present study examined the phenomenological differences between discrete emotional and mixed emotional experiences among different age groups. Forty-one adolescents between ages 18 and 22, thirty-seven adults in midlife between ages 40 and 44, and thirty-one people older than age 65 were participated in the study. Participants were briefly explained their mixed emotional (e.g. happiness& sadness, anger&compassion) and discrete emotional (e.g. happiness, anger, compassion and sadness) experiences and responded to Autobiographical Memory Characteristics Questionnaire for each. Results suggest that discrete emotional experiences are remembered better than mixed emotional experinces. Relatedly, inhibiting mixed emotion is easier than inhibiting single emotion. According to age, older adults inhibit their emotions easier than younger age groups. Middle adults inhibit bittersweat emotions better than adolescents and older people. The findings were discussed in relation to emotion and aging literature.
The mediating role of event-related houseld discussions in the relationship between family factors and psychological adjustment in children and adolescents exposed to terrorism and community violence
The main objective of the study was to test the mediating role of event-related household discussions in the relationship between family factors (family functioning and parental mental health) and developing internalizing and externalizing behavior problems in children and adolescents after controlling for exposure to terrorism and community violence events. With this aim a total of 129 children and adolescents ages between 11-18 years and their parents who exposed to terrorist attacks and July 15, 2016 coup attempt and related community violence events took place in Ankara in the last 1.5 years were recruited in the study. Data were gathered through self-report measurement tools. Results indicated that father's and mother's mental health and family functioning predicts internalizing and externalizing problems of children and adolescents. It was also revealed that both father's and mother's mental health and family functioning influence the quality of the event-related household discussion hold between parent and their children after traumatic event exposure. Regardless of the effects of event-related household discussion, family functioning directly influences the internalizing and externalizing behavior problems of children and adolescents. The main finding of the study is that event-related household discussion mediates the relationship for parental mental health and internalizing behavioral problems but does not mediate the relationship for parental mental health and externalizing behavioral problems of children and adolescents. The study provides useful framework for clinicians in terms of the importance of adopting comprehensive approach for treatment of psychological adjustment of children and adolescent and effectiveness of household discussions conducted between parents and their children after traumatic events.
An investigation into the effects of mood and autobiographical memory on risk appraisal in adolescents
Risk-taking behaviors and identity is two of the biggest concerns in adolescence and emerging adulthood. In the current study, risk-taking behaviors were focused in the frame of self-concept which is a crucial part of identity. The primary aim of the study was to investigate both direct relationship of the positive and negative self-concept via self-defining memories (SDM) on risk-taking behaviors and indirectly through risk appraisal while the mood after recalling these memories moderating these two relationships. Beside of the main aim, there were few research questions that the study investigated. The present study investigated predictive roles of sensation-seeking and impulsivity on risk-taking. Moreover, the differences between positive and negative SDMs in terms of phenomenological characteristics and the emotions were other research questions that were focused. The data was collected from 113 students whose age range was between 17 and 23 from different universities in Ankara, Turkey. The results showed that there is no relationship between SDM and risk-taking either directly or indirectly through risk appraisal. Moreover, the study did not find any relationship between mood and risk-taking. For research questions, the results showed that sensation-seeking is a better predictor than impulsivity. Furthermore, results showed that there are several differences between positive and negative SDM both in terms of phenomenological characteristics and emotions.
"I need to be updated": Fear of missing out and its antecedents as predictors of adolescents' and emerging adults' aspects of social media addiction
Fear of Missing Out (FoMO), is a phenomenon where people aiming not to miss any information what is going on in others' lives, as well as social interactions and meetings. The few studies that have investigated FoMO have shown that it relates to internet and social media use, life satisfaction and also some psychological symptoms such as anxiety. However, less is known about FoMO in non-Western cultural settings, and even less about the factors that might predict FoMO. The aim of the current study was to investigate to what extent FoMO is predicted by personality characteristics (such as conscientiousness and emotional stability) and social anxiety, personal goals (namely, aspiration for being attractive) and the social context (specifically, parental psychological control). Also, it was tested whether FoMO in turn predicts aspects of social media addiction. Two different samples from Turkey were recruited who were 315 high school student adolescents (Mage = 15.94; 49.8% females) and 344 emerging adults (Mage = 19.09; 52.6% females). The results of multiple hierarchical regression analyses showed that emotional stability negatively and pursuit for attractiveness goal positively predicted FoMO in both groups. Also, FoMO was positively predicted by social anxiety among adolescents and perceived psychological parental among emerging adults. In addition, FoMO was in turn associated with both indices of social media addiction. Moreover, a series of tests of indirect effects showed that the antecedents of FoMO were indirectly related to social media addiction by means of FoMO. These findings underscore the need to study better the nature of FoMO. Limitations and future directions are also discussed. Keywords: Fear of Missing Out (FoMO), personality characteristics, parental psychological control, personal goals
Psychological well-being in adolescents with lower socio-economic status: The roles of emotions and system justification
Previous studies have demonstrated that poverty is negatively related to psychological well-being among adolescents. Although there is an increasing interest in understanding psychological predictors behind well-being of adolescents from poor family backgrounds, most studies have largely focused on the role of family structure, such as parental support and parental cohabitation. However, since poverty occurs in a context of social relations embedded in power inequalities in society, it is also important to understand whether well-being of adolescents coming from lower socioeconomic status (SES) is related with how adolescents with low SES perceive inequality and what emotions they feel toward the affluent. Therefore, in the current thesis, it was focused on the well-being of the adolescents coming from lower SES family background, with a particular emphasis on the roles of emotions and system justification, which taps individuals' tendency to legitimize inequality. Specifically, in terms of emotions, the attention was narrowed to anger and admiration which are two important and prevalent emotions in the context of poverty. Moreover, it was attempted to examine not only admiration and anger as discrete emotions but also as a mixed emotional experience, which refers to affective experiences characterized by the co-activation of two emotions, usually opposite in valence. Combining knowledge from the domains of poverty among adolescents, system justification, admiration, anger, and mixed emotions, the goal of the thesis was to understand whether both system justification and emotions in relation with the affluent peers predicted well-being of adolescents coming from lower SES family. It was argued that justifying economic inequalities would positively predict well-being of adolescents coming from lower SES family. It was also claimed that both anger and admiration as discrete emotions and as a mixed emotional experience would negatively predict well-being. However, it was argued that the link between system justification and well-being would be mediated by both discrete emotions and mixed emotions. To do this, in one correlational study, data was collected from high school adolescents (N =219). As expected, results demonstrated that system justification predicted well-being through anger. However, although admiration and mixed emotion of admiration and anger were negatively associated with well-being, they were not related to system justification. Implications, future directions, and limitations of the study were discussed.
Risk and protective factors in the relation between early maladaptive schemas and emerging adulthood psychological well-being
Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS) relate to psychological well-being, but little is known about which factors may mediate this relation. The purpose of this study was to examine to what extent cognitive flexibility, emotion regulation difficulties and perceived social support may explain why EMS as formed in early childhood may relate to psychological well-being during adolescence and early adulthood. Data were collected from two different samples, a clinical sample (N = 106) and a non-clinical one (N = 286). Regression analyses have shown that impaired autonomy was the most consistent predictor of life satisfaction and depression and that emotion regulation difficulties and perceived social support were the most consistent mediators of the relation of impaired autonomy to depression and life satisfaction in both samples. The findings were discussed in light of the EMS literature, followed by future research suggestions.
Investigating the roles of adverse childhood experiences and father involvement on the transmission of early maladaptive schemas
Schema Theory (Young, 1990) assumes that early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) are formed due to unsatisfied core emotional needs in childhood. Surprisingly, there is limited research about the association between parent's EMS and child's EMS. The current study investigated the mechanisms underlying the relationship between the parent's disconnection and rejection schemas and the child's disconnection and rejection schemas. 179 mother-late adolescent dyads participated to the study. 179 late adolescents completed Young Schema Questionnaire- Short Form-3 (YSQ-SF3), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Father Involvement Scale, and Resilience Scale and their mothers completed only YSQ-SF3. The results demonstrated that mothers' EMSs related to disconnection and rejection schema domain significantly predicted their children's EMSs related to the same domain. Adverse childhood experiences also significantly mediated this relationship only when father involvement was low. The current study provides evidence that EMSs are passed on from one generation to the next through adverse childhood experiences especially when fathers do not provide enough support in child rearing. Keywords: Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS), Adverse Childhood Experiences, Father Involvement, Schema Transmission
An investigation into the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and romantic dissolution grief in youth: A mixed method study
The main purpose of the present study was to investigate how early maladaptive schemas and emotion regulation difficulties influence the grief processes of young individuals who have experienced romantic relationship dissolution. In this research, a mixed method study was employed, and the quantitative and the qualitative study were conducted respectively. In the quantitative study, Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form Version 3, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-Brief Form, and the revised version of Texas Inventory of Grief were used to collect data from 206 participants in late adolescence (between 18-22 years old)who experienced a romantic breakup for at least 1 month and at most 1 year. The results of the mediation analysis indicated that the emotion regulation difficulties significantly mediated the relationship between early maladaptive schemas (the domains of disconnectionrejection, impaired autonomy/other directedness, impaired limits/exaggerated standards) and romantic dissolution grief. In the qualitative study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 6 participants (from different schema domains) in the quantitative study, and data was analyzed through the thematic analysis. Five superordinate themes were identified, which were adverse effects of the breakup, perceived losses, grief process following the breakup, coping strategies, and positive changes and personal growth. The results of the qualitative study displayed that there were some similarities between the general grief literature and the romantic dissolution grief. Keywords: Early Maladaptive Schemas, Emotion Regulation Difficulties, Romantic Dissolution Grief
Perceived parenting behaviors, needs satisfaction, and well-being among adolescents: The role of cultural variation
There are studies investigating predictors of the relation among adolescents and their mothers, but there are few studies that investigate role of parenting behaviors and adolescents' appraisals. Besides, less is known about non-Western cultural atmosphere and adolescents' point of view. The main aim of the study was to what extent adolescents' behavior is predicted by their perception of parents and culture and whether their needs are satisfied. To investigate, 409 high school students (Mage =16.28 ; SD = .80; age range: 15 to 18 years) from five different schools participated to the study. They rated their motivation, satisfaction of needs and intention to study after reading a vignette about academic failure. Three different types of vignettes were used in the study; psychologically controlling, autonomy supportive and guilt-inducing types. The results showed that when adolescents live within an autonomy supportive environment, their needs are more likely to satisfy. Also, when they live within psychologically controlling environment, they are more likely to defy.
An investigation into the parentification experiences among male adolescents due to juvenile labour
The main aim of the current thesis was to examine parentification experiences of male adolescents due to juvenile labour. Accordingly, both instrumental and emotional parentification experiences of labourer children were investigated throughoutly from a developmental perspective. A qualitative study was performed to achieve this goal. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven male adolescents who were working at industrial areas of Ankara. Obtained data was analyzed by Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Results suggested five super-ordinate themes across seven cases. These themes were (1) Compromisation of childhood for labour: the forced entry into adulthood, (2) Justification of being in labour as a child, (3) Implicit longing for the lost childhood, (4) Subtle inducement by family to enter labour and adulthood, and (5) 'The third parent' in the house, respectively. These themes were discussed in relation to relevant literature focusing on parentification and social injustice.
The investigation of the link between perceived stress, perfectionism, body image perception and steroid hormones in late adolescent females during the menstrual cycle
The studies in this thesis aimed to investigate the link between perceived stress, perfectionism, body image perception and steroid hormones in late adolescent females during the menstrual cycle. Literature suggests that body dissatisfaction in women is associated with the etiology of some psychopathologies such as anxiety, depression and eating disorders. These psychopathologies are also highly related with perfectionism. However, there are not enough studies investigating the correlation between perfectionism and body image perception from biological perspective. Therefore, 82 naturally cycling female undergraduates between the ages of 18 to 26 participated in a experimental study in which their steroid hormones (cortisol, estrogen and progesterone) levels were measured. Also, perfectionism, body satisfaction, perceived stress scores and body-related stroop task response times were calculated. The regression analyses showed that adaptive perfectionism and body satisfaction were correlated positively. In addition, moderation analyses indicated that the effects of cortisol which is a stress hormone were moderated by maladaptive perfectionism in the context of body image perception. The findings of the current study provided insights to the importance of biological aspect of body image perception and perfectionism in late adolescence females during the menstrual cycle. Keywords: Late Adolescence Females, Menstrual Cycle, Perfectionism, Body Image Perception, Steroid Hormone
Conceptions of parental authority and the roles of parent-adolescent conflict and parental control behaviors on adolescent adjustment
The main purpose of the current study is to understand Turkish mothers' and adolescents' conceptualizations of the parental authority in terms of their legitimacy beliefs as well as their conflict perceptions over moral, prudential, personal and social conventional domains within the framework of social domain theory. The secondary purpose of this study is to illustrate the mediator roles of adolescents' general legitimacy beliefs and their perception of conflict frequency in the relation between their perception of parental behavioral and psychological control and their adjustment (depressive symptoms and self-esteem) in order to elaborate this direct relation by determining possible underlying mechanisms. This study was conducted through two steps (semi-structured interviews and questionnaires) with a sample of 151 mothers and their adolescent children (Mage = 13.91, Sage = 1.54) who were from low and middle-high SES in Ankara. Results indicated that mothers viewed more legitimate parental authority over social conventional domain than did adolescents. Mothers and adolescents also reported highest conflicts over social conventional domain. Findings also indicated that psychological control was related with high depressive symptoms and low self-esteem both directly and indirectly via conflict frequency. Behavioral control was indirectly related with low depressive symptoms and higher self-esteem via legitimacy beliefs and conflict frequency. It is concluded that investigating domain specific legitimacy beliefs of parental authority enhanced our understanding of parent-adolescent relationship as well as adolescents' adjustment.
The effects of gender, type of problem, previous referral experiences and gender role attitudes on the evaluations of teachers in relation to the students' psychological problems
The current thesis aimed to look at the possible factors, which can affect the teachers' considerations, in relation to the psychological problems of children. The factors which taken into consideration were the gender of the child in the vignette who have some psychological difficulties, the type of the psychological problem that the child faced with: externalized/internalized; the gender of the responders, earlier referral experiences of responders and their gender role attitudes. Two specific vignettes that were developed by the researchers and the Gender Role Attitude Scale of Zeyneloğlu and Terzioğlu (2011) were used. The study was performed with 120 elementary and middle class teachers and school counselors in an online format. The results represent that teachers considered the externalizing problems of children as more serious and they expected to see these problems more commonly among boys. On the other hand, the internalizing problems were considered as more likely to be seen among girls and these problems could not capture the necessary attention of teachers. Also, female teachers were more likely to refer a child with externalizing problems compared to male teachers. Lastly, the teachers with more egalitarian gender role attitudes evaluated the internalizing problems of youth as more serious compared to the teachers with more traditional attitudes.
Mükemmeliyetçi ergenlerde akademik ruminasyonun hedef yönelimleri üzerindeki etkisi
This study aimed to show that academic rumination is an important risk factor for the quality of achievement goal orientations, especially in Socially- Prescribed Perfectionist (SPP) late adolescents. SPP personality trait and academic rumination are risk factors for the quality of achievement goal orientations. Surprisingly, there is no research investigating the effect of academic rumination on achievement goal orientations in SPP adolescents. The present research had two studies. In the Study I, 420 late adolescents completed the Hewitt & Flett's Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS-HF), Achievement Goal Orientation Questionnaire (AGOQ), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). The purpose of this study is to test the factor features of the MPS-HF and AGOQ and to determine the participants who meet the SPP criteria. In the Study II, 32 late adolescents who have SPP and 32 late adolescents who have not SPP (i.e., non- SPP) trait were induced academic rumination. Their achievement goal orientation sub- type levels were measured at the pre-rumination and post-rumination induction stages. The results demonstrated that the academic rumination had no significant effect on any achievement goal orientation sub-type. Also, the academic rumination had no significant higher effect on any achievement goal orientation sub- type of SPP group than non- SPP group. In discussion section, developments that can be made in the content of academic rumination task are suggested for future studies. In addition, it was thought that the importance of the academic failure memory for the individual should be take into consideration. Keywords: Multidimensional Perfectionism, Socially- Prescribed Perfectionism, Academic Rumination, Achievement Goal Orientations
Investigating the relation between maternal childhood traumatic experiences and children's emotion regulation: Mediating role of maternal emotion regulation and emotion socialization
History of maternal childhood trauma predicts socio-emotional difficulties in children. This relationship implies that a traumatic experience can be transmitted to the next generation. The present study examines the underlying mechanisms of the intergenerational effect of trauma on children's emotion regulation abilities. Previous research indicated positive correlations among one's early traumatic experiences, emotion regulation difficulties and negative parenting outcomes. We also know that emotion socialization practices, which could be considered as a parental task, predict children's emotion regulation skills. These findings were the basis why we have proposed maternal emotion regulation difficulties and unsupportive emotion socialization practices as mediators in the current study. Mothers (n = 195) who have children between the ages of 4-11, participated in our study. Participants completed self-report measures assessing their traumatic history, emotion regulation difficulties, use of socialization of negative emotions and their children's emotion regulation skills. A serial mediation analysis demonstrated that maternal emotional regulation difficulties which create unsupportive emotion socialization practices significantly mediated the relationship between maternal childhood trauma and child's emotion regulation skills. The results emphasize the significance of maternal emotional regulation difficulties and unsupportive emotion socialization processes to explain the intergenerational transmission of trauma on children's emotion regulation skills. The study has several theoretical as well as clinical implications in terms of the mechanisms of trauma transmission and intervention possibilities to break that cycle.
Moderating roles of father involvement and family protective factors on the relationship between maternal early maladaptive schemas and psychological symptoms of children
Development of psychopathology has been investigated for many years from different perspectives. Amongst others, effects of parents have been counted as a significant environmental condition on the psychosocial development of offspring. However, most of the studies focuses on the relationship between maternal factors and child's well-being, while only a limited number of research has examined the buffering impacts of different family units on the proposed relation. Accordingly, the current study investigated whether family protective factors and father involvement had a buffering effect on the relation between psychopathology susceptibility of mothers and children psychological symptoms. While the psychopathology susceptibility of the mothers was measured in terms of early maladaptive schemas, psychopathology of child was investigated with regard to psychological symptoms. One hundred fifty-three mother-late adolescent dyads participated to the current study. Late adolescents filled out Father Involvement Scale, The Inventory of Family Protective Factors, The Symptom Check List and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, while their mothers filled out The Inventory of Family Protective Factors and Young Schema Questionnaire- Short Form-3. Obtained results indicated that early maladaptive schemas of mothers significantly predicted their children's psychological symptoms, and emotion regulation skills of children mediated the proposed relation. The impact of mothers' maladaptive schemas on children psychological symptoms through emotion regulation skills accentuated when paternal involvement was low or moderate. However, family protective factors did not moderate the relationship between mother's early maladaptive schemas and children's psychopathology through children's emotion regulation. Obtained results were discussed in relation to Family System perspective and related psychosocial interventions.
Impacts of parentification due to maternal depressive symptoms on the psychological symptomatology and interpersonal relationship quality of their young children: Protective role of father involvement
Maternal depression/depressive symptoms have deleterious impacts on children. Although previous studies emphasized the impacts of maternal depression/depressive symptoms on child's symptomatology and interpersonal relationships, there is surprisingly no research about the role of father involvement on parentification due to maternal depressive symptoms and child's symptomatology and interpersonal relationship quality. The purpose of current study is to investigate the role of fathers on the consequences of parentification due to maternal depressive symptoms with regard to adolescents' psychological symptomatology and interpersonal relationship quality. Of 238 mother- adolescent dyads, adolescents completed Parentification Inventory (PI), Father Involvement Scale (FIS), Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), Scales of Dimensions of Interpersonal Relationships (SDIR) and their mother completed State-Trait Depression Inventory (STDI). The results demonstrated that although maternal depressive symptoms did not significantly predict parentification level of adolescents, it significantly predicted adolescents' psychological symptomatology and interpersonal relationship quality. In addition, while father involvement had negative significant effect on parentification level of adolescents, both father involvement and parentification and their interaction had no significant effect on the adolescents' symptomatology and interpersonal relationship quality. The current study contributed to our understanding of how maternal depressive symptoms have deleterious impacts on adolescents' symptomatology and interpersonal relationship quality. Also, it pointed out the protective role of father involvement on adolescents who might be at risk for parentification.
Development of an instrument to measure paternal postpartum depression
The main aim of the current thesis was to develop a reliable and valid paternal postpartum depression (PPD) scale and to investigate psychosocial factors associated with PPD. To pursue this aim, a multi-method design was performed in that a qualitative and quantitative study were conducted, sequentially. In the qualitative strand, 12 fathers with moderate to high depression were interviewed, and obtained data was analyzed through Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Four super-ordinate themes were conceptualized: (1) Motherhood as an Idealized yet Overburdening Phenomenon, (2) Masculinity Related Pressures on Fathers, (3) Masculine Expression of Fatherhood Related Stress, and (4) Compromisation of Couple Relationship due to Parenthood. This strand aimed to gain an in-depth understanding of paternal postpartum depression experiences to delineate items of the newly developed scale. The second quantitative strand had two aims in itself: (1) development and psychometric validation of the paternal postpartum depression scale and (2) testing a moderated mediation model. Sample of the quantitative strand for psychometric validation included 190 fathers with new babies aged between 2 and 8 months old. New fathers completed the newly developed Paternal Postpartum Depression Scale (PPDS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Based on the results obtained from Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), final version of PPDS consisted of 27 items with a 2-factor structure. Cronbach's alpha values were satisfactory. Correlation analysis revealed that PPDS was positively correlated with BDI and EPDS scores and negatively correlated with SWLS. Secondly, a moderated mediation model was tested by using PROCESS software to investigate mediating roles of parenting stress and marital adjustment on the relation between father's attachment styles and paternal depressive symptoms; and to inspect whether maternal depression moderated the proposed relationships. Accordingly, data obtained from 145 father-mother dyads were included for the subsequent analyses. The results showed that perceived parenting stress significantly mediated the relationship between paternal attachment styles and depression scores, and maternal depression significantly moderated this relationship. However, no significant impact was found for marital satisfaction in the model alone or with the involvement of maternal postpartum depression as the moderator. Findings were discussed in line with the relevant literature. Keywords: Paternal Postpartum Depression, Maternal Depression, Parenting Stress, Child Mental Health, Family Functioning, Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
Reminiscence functions and their relation to post-traumatic cognitions and well-being in young adults with chronic diseases
This study aimed to show that reminiscence functions are an important factor for the post-traumatic growth and psychological well-being in young adults with chronic illnesses. Though, there is various researches investigating the effect of reminiscence functions on psychological well-being, surprisingly there is no research investigating the effect of reminiscence functions on post-traumatic growth in sample who are young adults with chronic illnesses. The present research had two studies. In the Study I, Reminiscence Functions Scale (RFS) (Webster, 1993) was adapted. 420 participants who are 18-39 years of age completed RFS, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Ruminative Thought Style Questionnaire (RTSQ), and Life Satisfaction Scale (LSS) for adaptation process. The confirmatory factor analysis results present a factorial structure comprising seven factors which are reflective, death preparation, intimacy maintenance, boredom reduction, bitterness revival, teach/inform, and conversation and adequate reliability scores (from 0.83 to 0.91). In the study II, 65 young adults who are 18-25 years of age with chronic illness completed RFS, Hospital Anxiety-Depression Scale (HADS), and Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI). The results showed that reflective function has significant effect on post-traumatic growth, death preparation and teach/inform have significant effect on anxiety, and teach/inform and intimacy maintenance have significant effect on depression. The current study provides a rich base of information for ways to further enhance the therapeutic power of reminiscence-based intervention for young adult patients who have chronic illness.
Intergenerational transmission of narcissistic symptoms through parental control: The protective role of father involvement
Although several studies have investigated the transmission of mental disorders from parents to their children, how parental narcissism impacts on children psychological health has received limited attention. Existing studies either did not collect data from multiple informants or stayed at the theoretical level. Thereof, the main aim of the current thesis was to investigate intergenerational transmission of narcissistic features from mothers to late adolescents through maternal psychological control; and to examine how paternal involvement moderated the proposed relationship. Accordingly, data was obtained from 200 mother-late adolescent dyads to test five different moderated mediation models depending on the types of narcissism. Results indicated positive significant main effects of maternal narcissism on the late adolescents' narcissism scores only when the same narcissism subtypes were shared by the mother-offspring dyad. By contrast, when mothers and late adolescents had different narcissism subtypes, the obtained relationships between mother and child narcissism scores emerged as negatively significant. In contrast to our expectations, psychological control and father involvement did not indicate any significant effect in none of the moderated mediation models. Findings and limitations of the study were discussed in line with the relevant literature.
The relationship of parental psychological control and autonomy support with adolescent anxiety: The role of different self constructs
The present study aims to examine the role of parental psychological control and autonomy support on adolescents' anxiety symptoms including social, separation, and test anxiety via the adolescents' self-esteem, self-regulation, and self-criticism in the grounded of Self Determination Theory. Previous studies demonstrated that while psychologically controlling parents approach their adolescents by disrespecting and trying to change the adolescents' thoughts and feelings, autonomy- supportive parents encourage their adolescents to be self-governed and respect their individuality. According to Self Determination Theory, the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs which are autonomy, relatedness, and competence helps individuals to have higher well-being. Because psychological control thwarted those needs, it has detrimental effects on children's and adolescents' adjustment. However parental autonomy support contributes to the children meeting the psychological needs and so autonomy-supportive parenting provides the children increasing well-being and adjustment. Children's self is also one of the mechanisms explaining the relationship between parenting and children's behaviors. The present study included adolescents' self constructs as mechanisms in the relationship between parenting and adolescent anxiety. This study was conducted with a sample of 177 mother, father and adolescent triads. Results revealed that higher parental psychological control predicted higher test anxiety symptoms in adolescents through the mediator effects of lower self-esteem, lower self-regulation, and higher self-criticism. Adolescents who perceiving higher parental psychological control have higher self-criticism, in turn, the adolescents develop higher social and separation anxiety symptoms. On the contrary, adolescents who perceive higher autonomy support from their parents are less likely to have test anxiety symptoms through the mediator effects of higher self-esteem, higher self-regulation, and lower self-criticism. The relationship between parental autonomy support and social and separation anxiety of adolescents was provided by the indirect effect of adolescents' self-criticism.
What do mothers of gay youth experience? a qualitative study
The main aim of the current study was examining parental experiences and the changes in the family system after young people who define themselves as gay explaining their sexual orientation to their parents in depth. A qualitative study was conducted to achieve this goal. The study sample consists of the mothers of six young people who define their sexual orientation as gay. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the mothers and the obtained data were analyzed with Grounded Theory. As a result of the analyses, the experiences of the mothers were gathered under three main themes. These are (1) pre-coming out experiences, (2) experiences during coming out, and (3) post-coming out experiences, respectively. These themes and the sub-themes they cover were compared with the findings in the literature and discussed from a system perspective.
A comparison of psychological well-being of children with chronic illnesses and their healthy peers through children's drawings
Psychological well-being of children with chronic illnesses is affected by illness process. Therefore, it is believed that a systematic attempt examining the psychological difficulties with multiple respondents and age-appropriate methods is important. The current thesis aimed to compare psychological well-being of children with chronic illnesses and their healthy peers through their drawings and parental reports. The participants consisted of 49 children with chronic illnesses, 66 healthy children (6-12 years) and their parents. Parents filled Demographic Information Form and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) while children were drawing Human Figure Drawings (HFD), Family Drawings and a picture of where they would like to be at that moment. According to the results of ANOVA and Chi-Square analyses; children with chronic illnesses had significantly higher numbers of emotional indicators on HFD than healthy children, parents of children with chronic illnesses reported significantly higher Emotional Symptoms scores on SDQ than parents of healthy children, and drawings of where they would like to be at that time reflected different wishes of chronically ill and healthy children. In addition; results indicated that boys had significantly higher numbers of emotional indicators on HFD than girls regardless of health status, and also chronically ill boys had higher numbers of emotional indicators on HFD and emotional tone scores of Family Drawings than healthy boys. These results showed that chronically ill children, especially boys, had higher risks for emotional difficulties so their psychological well-being should be improved besides their physical well-being. Keywords: Children, Chronic Illnesses, Hospitalization, Drawings, Psychological Well-Being
Investigation of substance use among late adolescents in terms of its relationship with parental acceptance rejection, self-control, anger and peer deviance
Substance use is a multifaceted psychosocial problem resulting from interaction among several different level factors. The current thesis aimed to examine substance use problem among late adolescents in terms of its relationship with parental acceptance-rejection, self-control, anger, and peer deviance. Data were collected from 160 male using substances aged between 18-25 via using Demographic Information Form, Adult Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire, Brief Self-Control Scale, Trait Anger-Anger Expression Inventory, Peer Deviance Scale, Drug Use Disorders Identification Test, University Form of Risk Behaviors Scale. Two separate one-way Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and multiple regression analyses were conducted. According to the results, high severity and low severity substance use group differed significantly in terms of maternal hostility, maternal undifferentiated rejection, self-control, trait anger, anger control, anger-out expression, and peer deviance. Nevertheless, no significant group differences were observed in terms of total paternal rejection score and its sub-dimensions, maternal rejection total score, maternal warmth, maternal neglect, and anger-in expression. By contrast, the clinical group and non-clinical group showed significant differences in paternal hostility, paternal undifferentiated rejection, maternal hostility, maternal undifferentiated rejection, trait anger, anger-out expression, and peer deviance, while there were no significant differences in terms of paternal rejection total score, paternal warmth, paternal neglect, maternal rejection total score, maternal warmth, maternal neglect, self-control and anger-in expression. In addition, paternal undifferentiated rejection and peer deviation were found to significantly predict late adolescents' substance use problem. Obtained results were discussed in relation to the relevant literature, and clinical implications and limitations were presented.
An investigation into the intergenerational transmission of psychological intimate partner violence
The main aim of the current thesis was to investigate psychosocial factors surrounding psychological intimate partner violence and its intergenerational transmission among young women. Accordingly, the experiences of young women exposed to psychological violence from their intimate partners and whose mothers were also subjected to psychological violence were examined from a clinical psychology perspective. A qualitative study was conducted to achieve this aim. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven young women, and obtained data were analyzed through Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Results suggested six super-ordinate themes across seven cases. These superordinate themes were (1) Simultenous presence of physical and psychological abuse, (2) "Feeling trapped": Gradual depletion of psychosocial resources as a consequence of psychological violence, (3) Self-harming as a self-defense, (4) "Better than my father": Preference for love and commitment over safety, (5) Possible routes of intergenerational transmission of violence, (6) Need for empowering mental health services. Findings were discussed in relation to literature with particular suggestions for psychosocial prevention and intervention programs.
Investigating the effects of sensory processing sensitivity, negative affectivity and conflict resolution styles on relationship satisfaction
Duyusal İşlemleme Hassasiyeti (DİH) ve kişiler arası ilişkiler arasındaki bağlantıları inceleyen çok az çalışma vardır ve bu çalışmalardan hiçbiri romantik ilişki tatminini içermemektedir. Bu çalışma, romantik ilişkiler bağlamında DİH'in bir risk faktörü mü yoksa bir ayırıcı yatkınlık etkeni mi olduğunu belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. En azından 24 aydır devam etmekte olan romantik bir ilişki içerisinde olan ve evli olmayan iki yüz altı üniversite öğrencisi Duyusal İşleme Hassasiyeti Ölçeği (DİH), Yenilenmiş Çift Uyum Ölçeği (YÇUÖ), Çatışma Çözüm Stilleri Ölçeği (ÇÇSÖ), Pozitif ve Negatif Duygu Ölçeği (PANAS) ve Riskli Aileler Ölçeği'ni doldurmuştur (RAÖ). Çoklu Aracı Analizi sonuçları, negatif duygulanım ve negatif çatışma çözüm stilinin DİH ile romantik ilişki doyumu arasındaki ilişkide anlamlı bir şekilde aracı değişken (mediator) olduklarını göstermiştir. Yönetici Aracı Analizi (Moderated Mediation) sonuçları, DİH ile çocukluk çevresi arasındaki iki yönlü etkileşimin negatif duygulanım ve negatif çatışma çözüm stili üzerindeki etkisinin anlamlı olmadığını göstermiştir. Bu bulgulara göre DİH, olumsuz psikolojik semptomlar geliştirmede çocukluk çevresinden öte tek başına bağımsız bir risk faktörüdür. Son olarak, negatif duygulanım ve negatif çatışma çözüm stili kontrol edildikten sonra DİH ile romantik ilişki tatmini arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamsız fakat pozitif yönlü bir ilişki olduğu gözlenmiştir. Bu bulgu, araştırmada yer alan aracı değişkenlerin Hayli Duyarlı Kişiler'in (HDK) romantik ilişki tatminini düşüren temel bileşenler olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Bu çalışma HDK'leri HDK olmayanlardan ilişki tatmini açısından farklılaştıran, DİH ile romantik ilişki tatmini arasında yer alan mekanizmaları göstererek literatürdeki bu boşluğa anlamlı olarak katkıda bulunmuştur.
Identity development of children raised under state protection or foster care system: A grounded theory study
The main purpose of the current study was to investigate the psychological experiences of late adolescents who grew up under state protection and/or foster family in their identity development processes. A qualitative method, grounded theory method was employed to pursue this aim. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 17 individuals from three different participant groups. As a result of the analysis, five super-ordinate themes were conceptualized: (1) ambiguous losses, (2) objectification, (3) discrimination and stigmatization, (4) resource allocation, and (5) identity. The results of the analysis revealed that growing up under state protection and/or foster family emerges difficulties in the personal, social, and political areas of late adolescents' lives. These difficulties manifest in the lives of these late adolescents as norms that they internalize or challenge. As a result of these two ways, growing up under protection results in these adolescents being proud of their identity or drifting from life. The findings of this study emphasized the importance of social arrangements that ensured a healthy identity development for late adolescents raised under government protection and/or foster family.
Examining the reflections of childhood exposure to political violence on adulthood psychological health in terms of social-ecological variables
The present study investigated the relationship between childhood political violence and current psychological health based on social-ecological theory. For this purpose, two parallel mediation models were tested in the study. In the first model, it was expected that family protective factors and immediate social support in childhood would mediate the relationship between childhood exposure to political violence and the current psychological health. Similarly, in the second model, it was expected that social trust and trust in institutions would mediate the relationship between childhood exposure to political violence and the current psychological health after controlling for family protective factors and immediate social support in childhood. The study sample consisted of 406 adults between the ages of 18-65. Data collection was carried out online, and the convenient sampling method was used to recruit participants. Participants completed the Political Violence Exposure Checklist, Brief Symptom Inventory, Family Protective Factors Inventory, Social Support Appraisals Scale for Children, Social Safeness and Pleasure Scale, and Trust in Institutions Scale during the study. As a result of parallel mediation analyses using SPSS PROCESS macro, all hypotheses put forward in the study were confirmed with the available data. In other words, the study provided an explanation for the influence mechanisms on the relationship between childhood political violence and current psychological health, both at the microsystem level and the more distal ecological levels. Lastly, theoretical and clinical implications were presented in relation to the study's findings employing Bronfenbrenner's social ecology theory.
Predictors of parents' ability to set limits on children: Marital quality, parents' schemas, and perceptions of their own parents' attitudes
Limit setting is an essential part of parenting practices and a crucial predictor of children's social, academic, physical, and psychological outcomes from childhood to adulthood. This thesis aimed to explore the possible factors that might predict parents' limit setting. Those factors are demographic information (gender, education level, income, marriage age, number of children, and marriage type) parents' perception of their parent's parenting practices, parent's schemas, and marriage quality. The data were collected from 64 mothers and 60 fathers who have at least one children whose ages are between 3 to 10. The measurements were Demographic Information Form, Turkish Young Parenting Inventory, Turkish Young Schema Inventory-Short Form 3, Marital Quality Scale, and Vignettes. To analyze results, descriptive analysis, correlations, linear regressions, and hierarchical regression analyses were conducted. The results showed that education level, over permissive and abusive parenting, quarreling in marriage, and disconnection schema have a statistically significant relationship to predicting parents' limit setting skills. The education level positively predicts effective limit-setting skills. However, abuse, over permissiveness, disconnection, and quarreling negatively predict effective limit-setting skills. Moreover, the hierarchical regression for education level, parents' perception of their parents' parenting practices, their schema domains, and marriage quality explained 26% of parents' limit setting skills. The discussion, clinical contribution of this study, future suggestions for research, and limitations were discussed.
Understanding the processes underlying the intergenerational transmission of anxiety
The previous findings revealed that having a parent who suffers from a high level of anxiety is a serious risk factor for anxiety-related disorder during young adulthood. This is an example of intergenerational transmission of anxiety. Both genetic and environmental factors have significant roles in this transmission. The present study aimed to investigate the processes underlying the intergenerational transmission of anxiety; especially by focusing on parenting styles and self-construal. First, whether certain parenting styles (i.e., overprotection, worrying parenting, perfectionistic parenting, and punitive parenting) would mediate the relationship between maternal and young adult anxiety were investigated. Furthermore, whether one's self-construal (i.e., level of autonomous-related self) would be a protective factor in this transmission was tested. 140 dyads of mothers and young adults participated in the online survey. Young adults filled out The State-Trait Anxiety Scale, Young Parenting Inventory, and The Autonomous-Related Self Scale. Then, mothers filled out only The State-Trait Anxiety Scale via the link which was sent to their e-mail addresses. Moderated-mediation analyses demonstrated that overprotection, worrying parenting, perfectionistic parenting, and punitive parenting all mediated the link between parental anxiety and young adults' anxiety. However, self-construal did not moderate this mediation. The results were discussed concerning family systems and self-construal perspectives.
From narrative coherence to psychological and social well-being: The moderator role of autonomous-related self
The current study investigated the moderator role of self-construals in the relationship between narrative coherence and psychological and social well-being. 191 emerging adults between the ages of 18-25 participated to the study. Narrative Writing Task, Autonomous-Related Self Scale (ARSS), Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWBS), and Social Well-Being Scale (SWBS) were completed by participants. The results demonstrated that autonomous-related self moderate the relationship between narrative coherence and two types of well-being. In other words, as autonomous-related self-contrual level gets higher, the relationship between narrative coherence and psychological and social well-being becomes stronger. The current study proved the predictive value of both autonomy and relatedness for the relationship betwen narrative coherence and well-being. Keywords: Narrative Coherence, Psychological Well-Being, Social Well-Being, Autonomous-Related Self, Self Construals
The relationship between parental differentiation of self and internalizing and externalizing problems in Turkish adolescents: The mediator roles of family functioning and adolescents' differentiation of self
The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between parental differentiation of self and adolescents' internalizing and externalizing problems through the mediating roles of family functioning and adolescents' own self-differentiation level using two models. The proposed models hypothesized that high levels of maternal and paternal self-differentiation would lead to improved family functioning, which would in turn predict higher levels of self-differentiation in adolescents and subsequently lower levels of internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescents. The participants were 201 adolescents between the ages of 14-18 and their parents. Data was collected from high schools with the permission of Ministry of National Education. While parents completed Revised Version of Differentiation of Self Inventory (DSI-R) and Family Assessment Device(FAD) measures, adolescents completed Revised Version of Differentiation of Self Inventory (DSI-R) and Family Assessment Device(FAD) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire(SDQ). The data was analyzed with Serial Multiple Mediation Analysis in SPSS. The results indicated that family functioning and adolescents' self-differentiation level mediated the relationship between maternal and paternal self- differentiation; and adolescents' internalizing and externalizing problems. The proposed mediation models were approved by the results of the study. When the differences between female and male adolescents were analyzed, the results indicated the relationship between maternal and female adolescents' differentiation of self and the relationship between family functioning and female adolescents' internalizing and externalizing problems were among the significant findings. These findings demonstrate the significance of parental differentiation of self, family functions and to what extent adolescents are differentiated in terms of psychological difficulties observed during adolescence.
Investigating the effects of boundary ambiguity and parentification on youth's symptomatology and attitudes and expectations about future in divorced families
In the current study, it was aimed to examine the mediator roles of subdimensions of parentification in the relationship between family boundary ambiguity and youth's psychological symptomatology and their attitudes and expectations toward future. In the first part of the study, Boundary Ambiguity Scale for Adolescents and Adult Children of Divorce which is developed to measure the boundary ambiguity level of adolescents and adult children of divorced families adapted to Turkish and pyschometric properties were examined. Also, Emotional Parentification Questionnaire which is developed to measure emotional parentification level adapted to Turkish and psychometric properties were examined. Accordingly, 242 participants,18-25 ages, replied Demographic Information Form, Boundary Ambiguity Scale for Adolescents and Adult Children of Divorce, Inventory of Family Protective Factors, Emotional Parentification Questionnaire, Parentification Inventory via internet.Analyzes were carried out using the SPSS and EQS.After the scale adaptation process was completed, in the second part of the study, it was examined the mediator roles of subdimensions of parentification in the relationship between family boundary ambiguity and two dependent variables: psychological symptomatology, attitudes and expectations toward future. 96 participants whose parents were divorced between the 18-22 ages answered the Demographic Information Form, Boundary Ambiguity Scale for Adolescents and Adult Children of Divorce, Emotional Parentification Questionnaire, Parentification Inventory, Positive Future Expectations Scale, Attitudes Toward Future Scale, Brief Symptom Inventory via internet. Analyzes were conducted using the PROCESS Macro v4. Research findings did not confirm the mediator roles of subtypes of parentification.However, when the predicton of the variables were examined, it was observed that while boundary ambiguity in divorced families significantly positively predicted parent-focused parentifiation, sibling-focused parentification and early emotional maturation, it significantly predicted positive future expectations and positive attitudes toward future in negative direction. Moreover, while perceived benefits from parentification significantly positively predicted positive future expectations and positive attitudes toward future, it significantly negatively correlated psychological symptomatology. Keywords: Family Boundary Ambiguity, Parentification, Psychological Symptomatology, Attiudes and Expectations toward Future
Investigation of the relationship between parentification, psychological symptoms and early maladaptive schemas by qualitative and quantitative methods
The main purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between the other-directedness schema domain, parentification, and psychological symptoms, and to research the possible positive meaning of parentification in Turkey. For this purpose, both qualitative and quantitative analysis methods were used in the present study. A total of 232 people participated in the quantitative phase of the research and 10 people participated in the qualitative phase. The results of the analysis presented that there is a relationship between parentification, other-directedness schema domain and psychological symptoms. However, parentification did not mediate the relationship between other-directedness and psychological symptoms. Thematic analysis method was used to analyze the qualitative data. The results of this analysis presented that there are several individual, familial, interpersonal and cultural factors that maintain and rationalize parentification experiences. These are conceptualized as (1) narcissistic gratification, (2) perceived gains, and (3) cultural mechanisms. The qualitative and quantitative results of the research supported and enriched each other. The findings of the present study drew attention to the importance of the parent-child relationship and the possible positive meanings of parentification in Turkey.
Investigation of the role of personality traits and psychological symptoms in stress generation
Stress generation hypothesis suggests that there is a tendency of depressive individuals to put themselves into stressful situations due to their symptoms or certain characteristics and claims that individuals contribute to the stressors they experience. The main aim of the current study was to investigate the role of psychological symptoms and personality traits on stress generation process. Personality traits that were investigated in this process were re-assurance seeking, sociotropy, and interpersonal style. And to pursue this aim hierarchal regression analysis via Microsoft IBM Statistics Program 23 was conducted with the data gathered from 92 young adults (M=22.36, SD=2.32, range=18-25). In the first phase of the data-gathering process, the survey included the Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale (SAS), Re-assurance (BDI) Seeking Scale (RSS), and Interpersonal Style Scale (ISS), Beck Depression Inventory and Form of Interpersonal Conflict in Close Relationships (FCCR). 3 months later a second survey including BDI, and FCCR was sent to these e-mail addresses. The results of the hierarchal regression analysis revealed that sociotropy, re-assurance seeking, and interpersonal style measured in T1 had a significant predictive role on the dependent stressors in T2 (∆R²=.17, F [3,86] =5.64, p= .001). Next, the psychological symptoms variable was added to the regression equation. It was indicated that psychological symptoms measured in T1 were not found to explain the variance in dependent stressors in T2 beyond and above re-assurance seeking, sociotropy, and interpersonal style. The results are discussed according to the existing literature.
Yolcu etme evresinde aile sisteminin yapısal özellikleri ile geç ergenlerin benlik ayrımlaşması arasındaki ilişkinin araştırılması: Ebeveyn sınır belirsizliğinin aracı rolü
Bu çalışmada, yolcu etme evresinde aile sisteminin yapısal özellikleri ile geç ergenlerin benlik ayrımlaşması arasındaki ilişkide annelerin sınır belirsizliğinin aracı rolünün incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaçla bu araştırmada üniversite için ailesinden ayrı yaşayan 19-24 yaş arası 95 üniversite öğrencisine ve annelerine ulaşılmıştır. Aile sisteminin yapısal özelliklerini ölçmek amacıyla hem annelere hem de geç ergenlere "Anne-Baba ve Ergen İlişki Envanteri" sunulmuştur. Ayrıca ergenlere "Benliğin Ayrımlaşması Ölçeği", annelere ise "Evden Ayrılan Ergenlerin Ebeveynleri için Sınır Belirsizliği Ölçeği" sunulmuştur. Çalışmanın modelleri aracılık analizi ile analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, annelerin sınır belirsizliği aile sisteminin yapısal özellikleri ile geç ergenlerin benlik ayrımlaşması arasındaki ilişkiye aracılık etmemektedir. Aracılık modelindeki yollar her bir yapısal özellik için tek tek incelendiğinde hem annenin hem de geç ergenin algıladığı üçgenleşmenin annenin sınır belirsizliğiyle ilişkili olduğu bulunmuştur. Yalnızca anne tarafından algılanan anne-ergen koalisyonu annenin sınır belirsizliğiyle ilişkili olarak bulunmuştur. Bunun yanında bütünleşme ile annelerin sınır belirsizliği arasında bir ilişki bulunmamasına rağmen geç ergenlerin algıladığı bütünleşme geç ergenlerin yüksek düzeyde benlik farklılaşmasıyla ilişkilidir. Çalışmada elde edilen bulgular tartışma bölümünde alan yazındaki bilgiler ışında tartışılmıştır.
Investigating the roles of psychological control and parental maladaptive perfectionism on the relationship between parental separation anxiety and obsessive-compulsive symptoms among adolescents
The aim of the present study was to investigate the roles of psychological control and parental maladaptive perfectionism on the relationship between parental separation anxiety and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. The proposed model hypothesized that parental maladaptive perfectionism moderates the relationship between parental separation anxiety and obsessive-compulsive symptoms via psychological control.198 adolescent-mother dyads participated to the study. Data was collected from social media via the Qualtrics. While parents filled Adult Separation Anxiety (ASA-27) and Frost Multi-dimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS), adolescents completed Psychological Control Scale–Youth Self-Report (PCS-YSR) and Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (OCI-CV). The data was analyzed with Moderated Mediation Analysis (Model-7) in SPSS. According to results, parental maladaptive perfectionism did not moderate the indirect effect of psychological control on parental separation anxiety and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. However, direct effect of parental separation anxiety on obsessive-compulsive symptoms was significant. On the other hand, relationship between parental separation anxiety and psychological control was significant and positive. Link between psychological control and obsessive-compulsive symptoms was also significant and positive. Results indicate that although conditional effect of parental maladaptive perfectionism on the indirect relationship of psychological control on parental separation anxiety and obsessive-compulsive symptoms was not significant, parental elements that investigated in this study might be important risk factor for obsessive-compulsive symptoms among adolescents.
Suicidal ideas and suicidal probability: Examining various pathways through integrating interpersonal psychological theory of suicide and attachment theory
This study aims to propose and test various models integrating attachment theory within different relational structures and self-other models in explaining suicidal ideation and likelihood through the interpersonal theory of suicide (IPTS). The proposed models hypothesized that anxious and avoidant attachment patterns focusing maternal, paternal, romantic partner, and friend relationships, along with self and other models, predict suicidal ideation and likelihood through IPTS constructs of Perceived Burdensomeness (PB) and Thwarted Belongingness (TB). The sample comprises 412 participants aged 18-25 with convenience sampling, who completed online scales to measure the variables including the Suicidal Probability Scale (SPS), Suicidal Ideation Scale (SIS), Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ), Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures (ECR-RS) for mother, father, romantic partner, v and friend forms, and the Relationship Scale (RS). SPSS and R Studio were used to test the compatibility of the proposed models with the obtained data. The results confirmed the proposed models. In maternal and paternal-focused models, avoidant attachment had greater effects on PB, TB, and suicidal ideation and likelihood compared to anxious attachment. In friend-focused attachment, anxious attachment was dominant, while in romantic partner attachment, both anxious and avoidant attachments had similar effects, but overall, anxious attachment had greater impacts. These findings highlight the criticality of insecure attachment in different relational structures in explaining suicidal ideation and likelihood through its relationship with PB and TB, providing empirical support to the suicide literature. The findings were discussed theoretically and clinically within the relevant literature, and suggestions for future research and potential clinical implications were provided.
Resource loss and post traumatic stress in wildfires: Exploratory qualitative study and explanatory model with moderator roles of solastalgia and coping self-efficacy
Wildfires are increasingly becoming a significant agenda item each year due to the impacts of climate change. Although numerous studies have examined the psychological effects of wildfires in various countries, there is a dearth of data concerning their impact in the context of Turkey, which has experienced several large scale wildfires in recent years. This study aims to enhance our understanding of the psychosocial effects of these wildfires specifically on adolescents and young adults in Turkey. To achieve this objective, a fully mixed equal status sequential design was employed. In other words, qualitative and quantitative studies were conducted sequentially, and their results were integrated. In the initial phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a focus group of young individuals (ages 15-23) affected by wildfires in Bodrum. The interviews aimed to deeply understand the unique experiences of the participants, facilitated by open-ended questions that encouraged them to express themselves fully. The qualitative data were first transcribed and then subjected to reflective thematic analysis. The results revealed several themes: (i) the reflection of the effects of vii wildfires on daily life, (ii) resource losses caused by wildfires, (iii) negative emotional experiences induced by wildfires, (iv) strategies for coping with the effects of wildfires, and (v) the atmosphere of insecurity created by wildfires. The findings from the first phase served as the foundation for the models developed in the second phase. Explanatory models were constructed based on the identified themes and existing literature. These models investigated the moderating roles of solastalgia and coping self-efficacy in the relationship between resource loss and post-traumatic stress. The results indicated that the moderating role of solastalgia and overall coping self-efficacy was not significant. However, the subscales of coping self-efficacy were tested in separate models due to differing effects on traumatic stress (Studley & Cheung-Chung, 2015). Notably, problem-focused coping self-efficacy demonstrated a significant moderating function. The interaction between resource loss and high-level problem-focused coping self-efficacy was significantly associated with increased post-traumatic stress. Our findings suggest that, in the aftermath of wildfires, difficulties in resource recovery and an intense focus on problem-solving—especially when problems are pervasive and largely insoluble—may exacerbate post-traumatic stress. The study's findings were discussed within the context of existing literature, followed by a discussion on the potential clinical implications of the results. Finally, the study's limitations and suggestions for future research were outlined.
Examining the influence of rumination and self-complexity on attention inhibition
This study explored how rumination affects a person's ability to inhibit distracting or unwanted thoughts. Theories suggest that when this ability is weakened, irrelevant or intrusive thoughts more easily enter the mind and are recalled from long-term memory. The research also explored whether self-complexity—the number of different and distinct roles or aspects of a person's identity—interacts with the tendency to ruminate. The idea is that having more and distinct aspects of the self may offer alternative ways to cope, which could help shift focus away from rumination. To test this, a Rumination Manipulation Task (RMT) was developed in Study 1 to have participants either ruminate on a negative event or distract themselves from it. In addition, self-complexity was measured using the Self-Concept Sorting Task, and attention inhibition abilities were assessed through the Negative Affective Priming (NAP) Task, which both adapted into Turkish in Study 2 and Study 3, respectively. In a 2 x 2 x 2 mixed design, participants were divided by self-complexity (low or high) and by task (rumination or distraction) and the analysis were made separately for the valence of the adjectives (positive and negative) in the NAP Task. The results showed that those with low self-complexity who were distracted had the most trouble inhibiting positive thoughts, responding faster to positive stimuli in the NAP Task. Those with low self-complexity who ruminated, while not statistically significant, also struggled to inhibit negative thoughts. Overall, the findings suggest that self-complexity influences attention inhibition. Whether someone can successfully inhibit positive or negative content may depend on whether they are ruminating or distracting themselves from a negative event.
Examining the effect of emotional dysregulation and disclosure concerns on the risk of revictimization in individuals with childhood traumatic life experience
Trauma is defined as human-caused or naturally occurring life events and situations that exceed the coping capacity of an individual and affect the individual emotionally, behaviorally, and physically. Exposure to traumatic life experiences, especially in childhood, leaves more abrasive and long-term effects on the individual and It is seen that it sustained its influence in later life periods. The aim of this study was to examine the role of disclosure concerns and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between childhood traumatic life experiences and relational revictimization in adulthood. The study was conducted cross-sectionally with 244 young adult participants. The data obtained using self-report forms were analyzed using simple moderator analysis. According to the findings of the study, it was found that self-disclosure concerns had a positive moderating effect, and positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies had a negative moderating effect on the relationship between childhood maltreatment and revictimization. As disclosure concerns enhance, the risk of individuals experiencing revictimization in the future increases. As positive cognitive emotion regulation skills increase, the risk of revictimization reduces. Therefore, after the first trauma experience, clinical practices aimed at increasing the use of positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and reducing concerns about self-disclosure may be effective in preventing revictimization in adulthood.
Development and psychometric examination of the Sibling Alliance Scale for Children of Alcoholic Parents (SAS-CAP)
The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the newly developed Sibling Alliance Scale for Children of Alcoholic Parents (SAS-CAP). First, an item pool was created through a comprehensive review of the literature on sibling dynamics in dysfunctional family environments where fathers have an alcohol use problem. Then, the items were organized around four main themes: protection, problem solving, emotional support, and empowerment. semi-structured interviews were conducted with five individuals whose fathers have an alcohol use problem and who have siblings. The scale was finalized based on feedback received from experts in the field. In the second phase of the study, data were collected from 141 young adults whose fathers have an alcohol use problem and who have siblings via social media. The data collection tools were; Demographic Information Form, Children of Alcoholics Screening Test (CAST-6), Child Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Family Harmony Scale - Short Form (FHS-SF), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale - Brief Form (DERS), Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale - Short Form (CDRS), Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90), and Lifetime Sibling Relationship Scale (LSRS). Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) results indicated that the final version of the SAS-CAP contained 18 items and had a 2-factor structure. The internal validity of the entire scale and its subfactors was found to be very good. Correlation analyses revealed that the SAS-CAP was positively correlated with the LSRS and FHS-SF and negatively correlated with the CTQ. However, no significant relationship was found for the DERS, CDRS, and SCL-90 in relation to the SAS-CAP. The findings are discussed within the context of the literature. Keywords: Sibling Alliance, Alcoholic Fathers, Family Systems Theory, Exploratory Factor Analysis
Millî Eğitim Bakanlığında görev yapan özel eğitim öğretmenlerinin sosyal medya bağımlılığı belirti şiddeti ile mesleki tükenmişlik ve depresif belirti şiddeti arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi
Bu araştırma Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı'nda görev yapan özel eğitim öğretmenlerinin sosyal medya bağımlılığı belirti şiddeti ile mesleki tükenmişlik belirtileri ve depresif belirtileri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek için yapılmıştır. Bunun yanında sosyodemografik özellikler açısından anlamlı farklılık olup olmadığı incelenmiştir. Araştırmada nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. İstanbul ili Avcılar, Esenyurt, Beylikdüzü ilçelerinde görev yapan ve kolay örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilen yaklaşık 300 özel eğitim öğretmeni bu araştırmanın örneklemini oluşturmuştur. Araştırmada sosyodemografik verilerin yanı sıra Sosyal Medya Bağımlılık Yetişkin Formu, Maslach Mesleki Tükenmişlik Envanteri ve Back Depresyon Envanteri kullanılarak Google -form üzerinden veriler elde edilmiştir. Betimsel istatistikler fark testlerinden bağımsız gruplar için t-testi ile tek yönlü varyans analizi ve son olarak ilişki testlerinden Pearson Korelasyon (Two-tailed) analizi uygulanmıştır. Değişkenlerden cinsiyet ve eğitim durumu için bağımsız gruplar için t-testi yapılmıştır. Değişkenlerden yaş aralığı, sosyal medya kullanım süresi ve gelir durumları için ise tek yönlü varyans analizi (One-Way ANOVA) yapılmıştır. Gruplar arası farklılığın bilinmesi için çoklu karşılaştırma testlerinden Tukey kullanılmıştır. Son olarak SMB, MBT ve BD arasındaki ilişkileri belirlemek için Pearson Korelasyon (Two-tailed) analizi yapılmıştır. Verilerin analizi sonucunda erkek katılımcıların sosyal medya bağımlılık düzeylerinin kadın katılımcılara göre anlamlı olarak daha yüksek olduğu, eğitim düzeyine göre katılımcıların sosyal medya bağımlılık düzeylerinin benzer olduğu, yaş seviyesi düştükçe sosyal medya bağımlılığına daha yatkın olunduğu , sosyal medya kullanım süreleri artıkça sosyal medya bağımlılık belirtilerinin manidar bir şekilde arttığı, gelir seviyesi arttıkça sosyal medya bağımlılık belirtilerinin yoğunlaştığı tespit edilmiştir. Sosyal Medya Bağımlılık Ölçeği'nin sanal iletişim ile Maslach Mesleki Tükenmişlik Envanteri'nin duyarsızlaşma alt boyutu arasında pozitif yönde düşük; SMB ölçeğinin sanal tolerans alt boyutu ile MMT ölçeğinin duygusal tükenme, duyarsızlaşma ve düşük başarı hissi alt boyutunda pozitif yönde orta düzey anlamlı ilişki olduğu görülmüştür. Benzer bir ilişki de BD ölçeği ile SMB ölçeği sanal tolerans ve sanal iletişim alt boyutlarında görülmektedir. Dahası benzer düzey ve yönde ilişki BD ölçeği ile MMT ölçeğinin duygusal tükenme duyarsızlaşma ve kişisel başarı alt boyutlarında da vardır. Tüm bu bulgular, katılımcıların sosyal medya bağımlılıkları ile mesleki tükenmişlik düzeyleri artıkça depresyon düzeylerinin de artacağını gösterir.
Eş bağımlılık, bağlanma stilleri ve psikolojik zihinlilik arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi
Bu araştırma eş bağımlılık, bağlanma stilleri ve psikolojik zihinlilik arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi amacıyla ortaya konulmuştur. Ek olarak sosyodemografik özelliklere göre psikolojik zihinlilik, bağlanma stilleri ve eş bağımlılık düzeyleri arasında anlamlı bir farkın olup olmadığı kontrol edilmiştir. Bu kapsamda katılımcılara Eş Bağımlılık Belirleme Ölçeği (EşBBÖ), Yakın İlişkilerde Yaşantılar Envanteri-II (YİYE-II), Psikolojik Zihinlilik Ölçeği ve Sosyodemografik Bilgi formu sunulmuştur. Araştırmanın örneklem grubunu 18-65 yaş arası yetişkin bireyler oluşturmaktadır. Bu kapsamda 344'ü kadın, 77'si erkek toplam 421 gönüllü katılımcının katkısıyla veriler elde edilmiştir. Araştırmada elde edilen veriler SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) for Windows 25.0 programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde tanımlayıcı istatistik metotları (sayı, yüzde, min-maks değerleri, ortalama ve standart sapma) ve ölçek güvenilirliğinin test edilmesinde "Güvenilirlik Analizi" kullanılmıştır. Verilerin normal dağılıma uygunluğu için basıklık çarpıklık değerleri incelenmiştir. Sürekli değişkenler arasındaki ilişki Spearman korelasyon analizi yapılarak, bağımsız değişkenlerin bağımlı değişken üzerindeki etkisi çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi uygulanarak incelenmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda Eş Bağımlılık ile Psikolojik Zihinlilik ve alt boyutları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı negatif yönlü bir ilişki olduğu saptanmıştır. Eş Bağımlılık ile Kaygılı bağlanma alt boyutu arasında pozitif, Kaçıngan bağlanma alt boyutu ile arasında negatif yönlü anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmaktadır. Psikolojik Zihinlilik, İç görü ve İlgi alt boyutları ile Kaygılı bağlanma alt boyutu arasında anlamlı ve negatif yönlü, Kaçınmacı bağlanma alt boyutuyla arasında ise anlamlı ve pozitif yönlü bir ilişki saptanmıştır. Yapılan regresyon analizi sonucunda Kaçınma, Kaygı, İç görü ve İlgi alt boyutlarının Eş Bağımlılık üzerinde anlamlı bir etkiye sebep olduğu görülmektedir. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına dair detaylı bilgiler bulgular ve tartışma bölümünde incelenmiştir.
Üniversite öğrencilerinde çocukluk çağı travmatik yaşantıları ve travma sonrası stres bozukluğu arasındaki ilişkide duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün aracı rolünün incelenmesi
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı çocukluk çağı travmatik yaşantıları, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğü belirtilerin birbiriyle ilişkisini araştırılması ve çocukluk çağı travmatik yaşantıları ile travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ilişkisinde aracı rol olarak duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla üniversite öğrencilerine uygulanan ölçeklerden alınan skorların karşılaştırılması ve söz konusu değişkenler arasındaki ilişki düzeyi hakkında bilgi alınması hem psikoterapi müdahalelerine hemde literatüre katkıda bulunulması hedeflenmektedir. Yöntem: Bu araştırmanın örneklemi yaşları 18 ve 40 arasında değişen, 310'u kadın 169'u erkek olmak üzere toplamda 479 kişiden oluşmaktadır. Veriler internet aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Katılımcılara bilgilendirilmiş gönüllü olur formu verilip onayları alındıktan sonra sırasıyla, Sosyodemografik Bilgi Formu, Duygu Düzenleme Güçlüğü Ölçeği- Kısa Form (DDGÖ-16), Çocukluk Çağı Travma Ölçeği (ÇÇTÖ), Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu Soru Listesi–Sivil Versiyonu Ölçeği (TSSBÖ) uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde SPSS-28 istatistik programından yararlanılmıştır. Frekans ve Yüzde Analizi, Betimsel Analizler, Normallik Analizleri, Bağımsız Gruplar T Testi, Anova Analizi, Pearson Korelasyon Analizi, Regresyon Analizi uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: Bu araştırmada, üniversite öğrencilerin çocukluk çağı travmatik yaşantılarının cinsiyet, yaş grubu, üniversite türü ve sınıf düzeyi kapsamında anlamlı fark göstermediği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ile duygu düzenleme güçlüğünde cinsiyet ve sınıf düzeyine göre anlamlı farklar tespit edilmiş iken yaş grubu ve üniversite türüme göre anlamlı farklar belirlenememiştir. Ayrıca, çocukluk çağı travmatik yaşantıları, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğü arasında pozitif yönlü anlamlı ilişki bulunmuştur. Son olarak çocukluk çağı travmatik yaşantıları ile travma sonrası stres bozukluğu arasındaki ilişkide duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün kısmi aracı değişken etkisi belirlenmiştir. Sonuç: Araştırma sonunda, cinsiyet ve sınıf düzeyi değişkenlerinin üniversite öğrencilerinde travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ile duygu düzenleme güçlüğü değişkenlerinde anlamlı farklılaşmalara sebebiyet verdiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca, çocukluk çağı travmatik yaşantıları, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün üniversite öğrencilerinde doğru orantılı olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Çocukluk çağı travmatik yaşantıları ile travma sonrası stres bozukluğu arasındaki ilişkide duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün kısmi aracı değişken etkisi ise araştırma kapsamında edinilen son sonuçtur.
Evli bireylerde ilişki doyumu, öz eleştirellik ve sosyal sorun çözme becerisi arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi
Bu çalışmanın temel amacı evli bireylerde ilişki doyumu, öz eleştirellik ve sosyal sorun çözme becerisi arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir. Bununla birlikte bu çalışmada ilişki doyumu, öz eleştirellik ve sosyal sorun çözme becerisinin cinsiyet, yaş, eğitim durumu, evlilik süresi gibi belirli sosyodemografik özelliklere göre anlamlı olarak farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını belirlemek hedeflenmiştir. Çalışma betimsel niteliktedir ve ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemi çalışmaya gönüllü katılan, tesadüfî örneklem yöntemiyle belirlenen, İstanbul'da yaşayan 413 evli bireyden oluşmaktadır. Gizliliğe önem verildiğinden çalışmada katılımcıların kimlik bilgileri istenmemiştir. Verileri toplamak amacıyla katılımcılara Kişisel Bilgi Formu (KBF), Evlilik Yaşam Ölçeği (EYÖ), Öz Eleştirellik Ölçeği (ÖEÖ), Sosyal Problem Çözme Envanteri Kısa Formu (SPÇE-KF) yüz yüze uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde SPSS programı kullanılmıştır. Ölçeklerin alt boyutlarıyla ilişkisel sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre öz eleştirellik ile sosyal sorun çözme becerisi alt boyutlarından; dikkatsiz/dürtüsel tarz, kaçınan tarz, olumsuz yönelim pozitif yönde ilişkili, olumlu yönelim negatif yönde ilişkili bulunmuştur. İlişki doyumu ile sosyal sorun çözme becerisi alt boyutlarından; olumsuz yönelim, kaçınan tarz negatif yönde ilişkili, olumlu yönelim, rasyonel problem çözme pozitif yönde ilişkili bulunmuştur. Öz eleştirellik ile ilişki doyumu arasında ilişki bulunmamıştır. Ancak öz eleştirelliğin alt boyutlarından olan karşılaştırmaya dayalı öz eleştirellik ile ilişki doyumu arasında negatif yönde ilişki bulunmuştur. İlişki doyumunun yaşa, cinsiyete, evlilik süresine göre anlamlı şekilde farklılık gösterdiği bulunmuştur. Sorun çözme alt boyutlarından probleme olumlu yönelimin ve kaçınan tarzın cinsiyete göre; probleme olumsuz yönelimin cinsiyete, evlilik süresine göre; rasyonel sorun çözmenin öğrenim durumuna göre; dikkatsiz/dürtüsel tarzın cinsiyete, öğrenim durumuna göre; öz eleştiri alt boyutlarından içsel öz eleştirinin yaşa, evlilik süresine göre anlamlı şekilde farklılık gösterdiği bulunmuştur.
Üniversite öğrencilerinde duyguları ifade etme becerileri ve duygu durum güçlüğünün somatizasyon ile ilişkilendirilmesi: Uşak Üniversitesi örneklemi
Bu çalışmada somatizasyon, duygu düzenleme güçlüğü ve duygu ifade etme becerileri arasındaki ilişki araştırılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini Uşak Üniversitesinde eğitim gören, yaş aralığı 18 ile 23 arasında olan 151'i erkek, 296'sı kadın olmak üzere 447 gönüllü katılımcı oluşturmaktadır. Katılımcılara yüz yüze ulaşılmıştır. Katılımcılara kişisel bilgi formu ile araştırmanın gönüllülük esasına dayandığı doğrultusunda bilgi verilmiş ve gönüllü kişilerin araştırmaya katılımları için rızaları alınmıştır. Araştırmada veri toplamak amacıyla Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Somatizasyon Ölçeği, Duygu Düzenleme Güçlüğü Ölçeği-Kısa Form ve Duygu İfade Etme Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Bu araştırmada geçerlilik için Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) yapılmış, güvenirlik için toplam ölçekler ve alt boyutlarda Cronbach Alpha iç tutarlılık katsayısı hesaplanmıştır. Son aşamada, araştırmanın alt hipotezleri bağlamında ortalama puan farklılıklarını test etmede bağımsız örneklemler t testi ve tek yönlü ANOVA, ilişkileri test etmede ise Pearson korelasyon analizi yapılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde SPSS IBM 26.0 ve R Studio programı kullanılmıştır. DFA için lavaan (Rosseel, 2012) paketi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma neticesinde, Uşak üniversitesi öğrencilerindeki cinsiyet farklılıklarına göre somatizasyon, duygu düzenleme güçlüğü ve duygu ifade puanlarının hepsinde kadınlar lehine bir ortalama puan farklılığı vardır. Uşak Üniversitesi öğrencilerinin yaş gruplarına göre oluşturulan betimsel istatistiklere göre ise duygu düzenleme güçlüğü puanlarında 23 yaşındakiler en yüksek, 22 yaşındakiler en düşük ortalamaya sahiptir. Duygu ifade puanlarında 20 yaşındakiler en yüksek, 18 yaşındakiler en düşük ortalamaya sahiptir. Somatizasyon puanlarında 18 yaşındakiler en yüksek, 22 yaşındakiler en düşük ortalamaya sahiptir. Yaş gruplarının ortalama puan farklılıklarından en az ikisinin anlamlılığını test etmek için tek yönlü ANOVA yapılmış ve sonuçlar doğrultusunda istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir sonuç bulunamamıştır. Bu nedenle çoklu karşılaştırma yapılmamıştır. Uşak üniversitesi öğrencilerinde somatizasyon, duygu düzenleme güçlüğü ve duygu ifade puanlarının hepsinde psikolojik/psikiyatrik yardım alanlar lehine bir ortalama puan farklılığı vardır. Ortalama puan farklılıklarından duydu düzenleme güçlüğü ve somatizasyonda istatistiksel olarak anlamlıyken, duygu ifadede istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değildir. Uşak üniversitesi öğrencilerinde somatizasyon, duygu düzenleme güçlüğü ve duygu ifade puanlarının hepsinde psikolojik/psikiyatrik yardım ihtiyacı olanlar lehine bir ortalama puan farklılığı vardır. Uşak üniversitesi öğrencilerinin duygu düzenleme güçlüğü ile duygu ifade puanları arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki vardır. Diğer bir ifade ile duygu düzenleme güçlüğü arttıkça duygu ifade becerisi de artmaktadır. Duygu düzenleme güçlüğü ile somatizasyon puanları arasında ise pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki vardır. Diğer bir ifade ile duygu düzenleme güçlüğü arttıkça somatizasyon da artmaktadır. Duygu ifade ile somatizasyon puanları arasında ise anlamlı bir ilişki bulunamamıştır. Diğer bir ifade ile duygu düzenleme puanlarındaki artış veya azalış somatizasyon puanlarındaki artış veya azalış ile ilişkili değildir.
Beliren yetişkinlik dönemindeki bireylerin sigara bağımlılıkları ile psikolojik iyi oluşları ve stresle başa çıkma biçimleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi
Bu araştırmanın amacı beliren yetişkinlik dönemindeki bireylerin sigara bağımlılık düzeyleri ile psikolojik iyi oluş düzeyleri ve stresle başa çıkma biçimleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir. Araştırma 18-29 yaş arasında bulunan beliren yetişkinlik dönemindeki bireyleri kapsamaktadır. Veriler çevrimiçi olarak toplanmıştır ve online anket uygulaması Google Formlar üzerinden gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında 317 kişiye ulaşılmıştır. Anket formu sosyo-demografik bilgileri belirlemek amacıyla 'Demografik Bilgi Formu', bireylerin sigara bağımlılık düzeylerini belirlemek amacıyla 'Fagerström Nikotin Bağımlılık Testi(FNBT)', bireylerin psikolojik iyi oluş düzeylerini belirlemek amacıyla 'Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği(PİOÖ)' ve bireylerin stresle başa çıkma biçimlerini belirlemek amacıyla 'Stresle Başa Çıkma Ölçeği(SBÖ)' ölçeğinden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın veri analizi JAMOVİ 2.4.11 programında yapılmıştır. Araştırmada sigara bağımlılık düzeyleri, psikolojik iyi oluş düzeyleri ile stresle başa çıkma biçimleri arasındaki ilişki tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda sigara bağımlılık düzeyi ile psikolojik iyi oluş düzeyi arasında negatif yönlü ilişki ve yine bir başka sonuca göre sigara bağımlılık düzeyi ile stresle başa çıkma biçimlerinden sosyal destek alt boyutu ile arasında negatif yönlü ilişki bulunmuştur. Test sonuçlarına göre psikolojik iyi oluş düzeyi ile stresle başa biçimlerden problem odaklı başa çıkma alt boyutu ve sosyal destek alt boyutu ile pozitif yönlü ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Bu bulgular ışığında sigara bağımlılığı için riskli bir dönem olan beliren yetişkinlikteki bireylerin psikolojik iyi oluşlarını arttırıcı çalışmaların yapılması, sosyal destek alabilecekleri sosyal çevrelerinin verimli hale getirilmesi, problem odaklı başa çıkma becerilerini öğretici psikoeğitim çalışmalarına bu bireylerin katılması sigara bağımlılık düzeyinin azaltılabilmesi için önemlidir ve önerilmektedir.