Research on the shuttle migration of those who had migrated to Turkey from Germany and then migrated back to Germany

Shuttle migration is a process in which individuals move from one country to another for economic, social and cultural reasons, return to their homeland after a certain period of time, and then migrate again. In this study, the shuttle migration experienced by Turkish migrants who return to Turkey from Germany and then return to Germany is analysed. Firstly, the theoretical and conceptual framework of migration is discussed in detail and types and theories of migration are analysed. Also, the historical process of migration between Germany and Turkey is explained. This process, which started with labour migration to Germany, focuses on the mobility of workers between the two countries over time and how migrants maintain their social and economic attachment to both countries. As a result of the ongoing labour migration between Turkey and Germany, shuttle migration is shaped by economic and labour market-based dynamics. Migrants return to Turkey after making economic gains in Germany but migrate to Germany again when economic and social conditions in Turkey are more challenging than expected. This study analyses the economic and social effects of shuttle migration on the two countries and the problems of identity and belonging experienced by migrants in this process. In addition, the impact of shuttle migration on migrant families, problems of integration into the labour market and how migrants' loyalties to both countries are shaped are discussed. Other factors influencing migrants' decision to return to Germany are living standards, job opportunities, and social ties in both countries. The study also comprehensively analyses the integration problems experienced by migrants in Turkey and Germany and the social, economic, and psychological challenges they face in this process.