Historical development of the atom concept in the context of arche problem and CERN experiment (standart model and higgs particle)

Philosophy and science have been emerged with the question of "what is the arche?" which also searches "what is the basic and initial matter that everything in the universe made of it?, what is the first principle?". This problem is called as 'arche problem' and firstly started with Thales of Miletus in order to understand the unity and simplicity in behind of phenomenal multitude. Ancient Greek philosophers answered this question with different elements and principles such as water (Thales), fire (Herakleitos), air (Anaximenes), apeiron (Anaximandros), number (Pythagoras), vacuum (Leukippos), atom (Democritus) etc. Although forgotten for a while, Democritus' atomism has been come to life by natural philosophers and scientists like Gassendi, Boyle, Hook, Gay Lussac. Finally in early 19th century, atom idea was again remembered by J. Dalton and started to be used in modern science. The experiments in the high energy physics which have been carried out in CERN in 20th century revealed the real nature of the sub-atomic particles and the structure of matter from micro-cosmos to macro-cosmos. According to the Standart Model (SM) in which the physical reality can be divided to two main groups (forces and particles), the Higgs boson is responsible for gaining the mass to every kind of elemental sub-atomic particles and thus became the topic of 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics. The main point of this thesis is to introduce the Higgs boson giving mass to the matter as a possible solution proposal in the context of arche problem, the ancient question in the history of science and philosophy. Key Words: Arche, Atom, Standard Model, Higgs Particle, CERN, History of Science, History of Physics.