Diaspora as a source of human capital: The influences of the Turkey originated Germany resident scientists' connections with Turkey on reverse brain drain

Many countries have focused on increasing human capital, human capital stock and creating commercializable innovative products at the focal point of their development policies. This situation has caused countries to compete with each other for human capital resources. Some developing countries have turned to these projects as well as alternative sources to gain more share from this race. At the beginning of these resources are reverse brain drain programs that are implemented under the name of brain recovery strategy. The goal of these programs, which are generally gathered under two headings as "return and diaspora option", is to increase the existing human capital stock by bringing back the human capital stock which has left the country for various reasons in the past. Thanks to the changing and developing world order, the return policy has left its place in the "diaspora option" policy since the 1990s. Aims of this study are to reveal the effect of reverse brain drain and the possibility of intellectual (human capital) reverse brain drain on the relations of the scientists in the Turkish Diaspora living in Germany, which is the country with the most Turkish and / or Turkish population, in the European Union Region and to test whether these scientists have an impact on the academic productivity of their relationship with their homeland. For this purpose, the research model based on the related literature has been tested with 466 Turkish and / or Turkish scientists who continue their academic activities in universities and research centers in Germany using Logit Regression Analysis and Least Squares method. According to the findings, the relationship between the scientists in the diaspora and their homeland affects both the probability of reverse brain drain and intellectual reverse brain drain together with academic productivity positively. However, there are differences between the types of relationships and their effects. Keywords: Diaspora, Scientific Diaspora, Migration, Human Capital, Intellectual Reverse Brain Drain, Economic Growth