Nanoemulsion preparation trial in the development of vitamin D fortified isotonic drink containing carob extract for athletes

In this study, experimental design was made by using Response Surface Methods two factors and a three-level Central Composit Design to evaluate the production of oil in water nanoemulsion of vitamin D. As the aquoes phase carob extract, water and Tween 80 were used and vitamn D was carried by olive oil in the oil phase. Tween 80 (1-3%) concentration and sonication time (120 s - 360 s) were the factors selected.Sonication process was performed in the specified times with the ultrasonic homogenization device, which is one of the methods requiring high energy to create nano emulsion and has ease of transportation and application under laboratory conditions, and zeta potential and particle size analyzes were performed in the final samples. As a result of the analyzes, it was determined that the droplet sizes of the nanoemulsions ranged from 88 to 491 nm. It has been accepted that the particle sizes between 20 and 200 nm of an emulsion. It may counted as nanoemulsion. We reached the particle size below 200 nm, even below 100 nm. The largest particle size obtained in the experiment was 490.8 nm in the sample where Tween 80 was used at a concentration of 2% and sonicated for a total of 70.3 s, while the smallest particle size was determined as 88.14 nm at 2% Tween 80 and 360 s sonication time. The only statistically significant effect on particle size has been found as the time, and the particle diameter has changed in a linear manner inversely proportional to time. In order to reduce the particle size below 200 nm, it was observed that the duration of sonication should be over 300 s, regardless of the concentration of Tween 80. While the magnitude of the zeta potential, which gives information about the stability of the emulsion this value is below 20 mV under all conditions. As a result, emulsion stability was found to be weak. The zeta potential, as opposed to the particle size, changed linearly with the concentration of Tween 80. With the method used in this study, particle sizes were reduced to nano scales and it can be said that nanoemulsion has been obtained.