The alterations of thyroid stimulating hormone ( TSH ) and thyroid hormones level of carp exposed to glyphosate and propolis

The increasing use of pesticides in contemporary agriculture is considered a major problem worldwide. Organophosphate herbicides are among the most dangerous agrochemicals for the aquatic environment. The use of Roundup®, a glyphosate-based non-selective herbicide, has increased and as a consequence of the extensive use of this herbicide, glyphosate has been widely detected in water bodies increasing significantly the risks to non-target organisms, namely fish. Propolis, a natural product produced by honeybee, has pharmacologically active molecules. It has been reported to have some biological properties, such as anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflamatory and antibiotic activity. Thyroid hormones are essential for the proper functioning of the organisms, taking part in various physiological processes, such as differentiation and tissue proliferation, training and maintaining the stability of the nervous system and metabolic balance. In this study, we aimed to investigate the alterations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormone (T3, T4) levels of carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to glyphosate and propolis. When the results are taken together, it can be concluded that propolis treatment has no ameliorative effect on tsh and thyroid hormone levels of carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to glyphosate.