Social and spatial effects of urban transformation projects completed in İstanbul (Gaziosmanpaşa, esenler and Zeytinburnu case)

Cities are the settlements that play an important role in the establishment and development of civilizations. The city settlements where important historical events took place in the history of humanity were also the gathering area of the population. The cities, which have maintained their importance throughout the history, have become immensely migrant settlements with the Industrial Revolution and the city has begun to gain its function in today's sense. Firstly, the experience of urbanization in Europe, where the Industrial Revolution began, continued in other industrialized regions problems such as housing problems, inadequate infrastructure, and distorted urbanization have occurred in the uncontrolled cities with rapid migration. The solutions for these problems have been tried to be sortud out by urban planning. After World War II, urban renewal works were carried out in order to remove the demolition and wreckage occurring in the cities. Political and economic developments in the world have increased the importance of cities and cities have started to gain economic value. With the neoliberal economic policies implemented since the 1970s, the dimensions of the intervention in the city have changed and the economic values of the city and the urban transformation projects have gained importance. Turkey has followed the processes of urbanization experienced in the world but there has been much faster urbanization process in Turkey. Istanbul is one of the cities that experience the fastest and unplanned urbanization process. Large cities with neo-liberal economic policies being implemented in Turkey since 1980, has become a global centers. In this process, urban transformation studies have started in order to transform the slum areas which are in the center of the city and which have increased value. Although the urban transformation processes were taken at different dates, the transformation of the urban transformation into the agenda was initiated after 2002. In 2005, special projects were initiated in Istanbul, but comprehensive projects were carried out after 2012. Urban transformation is a multifaceted process that affects every part of society. With the urban transformation, not only housing is transformed physically but also changes in social and spatial terms. In this study, it is aimed to investigate the social and spatial changes occurring with urban transformation in five different neighborhoods where urban transformation projects are completed in Istanbul. In this direction, surveys were conducted with 10% of the houses completed in Sarıgöl, Yıldıztabya, Airport, Turgutreis and Sümer Districts located in Gaziosmanpaşa, Esenler and Zeytinburnu districts located on the European side of Istanbul and these surveys were supported with observations and interviews. The results of the survey were evaluated with SPSS program and the results were interpreted. Urban regeneration projects in these neighborhoods which have the feature of slums have gained momentum with the entry into force of Law No. 6306 and the projects have started to be completed. In the areas of transformation where social and economic conditions are low, urban transformation has changed both physically and socially. With the transformation, the population profile has started to change in the neighborhoods, cultural transformation has taken place and neighborhoods have gained a different appearance with high houses and closed sites. The transformation process that has taken place has deeply affected the residents of the neighborhood. Residents of the neighborhood are pleased with the urban regeneration, renewal of their houses, earthquake resistance, and resolution of property problems. However, it is seen that the problems such as not giving the promises, not ending the projects on time and debts have left the right holders in a difficult situation. In addition, in urban transformation practices in which socio-cultural terms have been transformed, the old neighborhood residents have difficulty in adapting to new spaces that are transformed in the material and spiritual sense.