Karakartal (Kemaliye-Erzincan) porphyry Au-Cu deposit: An example of complex and saturated solutions formed porphyry type ore deposits

The Karakartal (Kabataş village, Kemaliye Erzincan) deposit is genetically related to Middle-Late Eocene multiphase porphyritic intrusive rocks. The deposit is characterized by a central potassic alteration zone that grades into a propilitic alteration towards the outer zones. The central zone is generally overprinted by a chlorite-sericite alteration. Biotities in the deposit have flogopite-eastonite composition. With overprinting of potasic alteration by chlorite-sericite alteration, Ti contents of biotites are reduced at the expense of an increase in Fe+Mn and Mg contents. Thermometric calculations based on Ti+4 content of biotites gives 485-840 oC formation temperatures. Chlorites are calculated to have compositions of pynochlorite-ripidolite. Chlorites, which are determined to have formed at temperatures of 216-432 oC based on their Al+4 contents, are transformed mainly from the initial and secondary biotites. Ti+4 released as a result of this transformation entered into the structure of hematites and resulted in the formation of Ti-hematites, most probably during the magnetite-hematite transformation, coeval with biotite-chlorite transformation. In samples with no magnetite, released Ti+4 caused rutile formation in altered rocks. Fluid inclusions in the veins classified as single, two and multi-phase inclusions. Microthermometric, Raman and SEM-EDX studies show that inclusions have Ca-Fe-Mg-Na chlorine salts and CO2-CH4 components in vapor phases. According to microthermometric studies, homogenization temperatures and salinities of fluid inclusions span a range between 180-840 oC and 3.23-93 wt% NaCl eq respectivly. Inclusions that doesn?t homogenize over 1000 oC is also observed in the minerilalization related quartz veins.