Modes of knowing in the Qur'an

In this thesis, the nature of the act of knowing in the Qur'an, its sources and its forms that differ according to the types of beings are discussed with a holistic approach. In the first part of the study, basic problems in the philosophy of knowledge and sociology of knowledge are evaluated and both the theoretical and social dimensions of the act of knowing are emphasized. Before discussing the Qur'anic understanding of knowledge, it is aimed to clarify the differences between contemporary and theoretical conceptions of knowledge and the Qur'anic understanding of knowledge by including the basic problems of the philosophy of knowledge and sociology of knowledge. In order to reveal the framework of the meaning of knowledge in the Qur'an, the etymological analysis of the concept of "knowledge" was first made, and then the meanings attributed to this concept in the literature of the Jâhiliyya period were examined. This preference aims to show how the Qur'an gives direction to the concept of knowledge by revealing the meanings attributed to knowledge in the society in which the Qur'an was revealed, and how the Qur'an reforms it and places it on a ground based on tawheed. Then, in the context of their usage in the Qur'an, words that have a close meaning relationship with the concept of knowledge are evaluated by emphasizing the nuances between them. In addition, the concepts that have an opposite meaning relationship with knowledge are also analyzed by classifying them under categories such as the absence of knowledge, weakness and opinions that are far from certainty. In the second part of the thesis, the ways of knowing of beings in the Qur'an are classified according to the sources of knowledge. In this context, absolute knowledge is attributed to Allah alone, and then the other forms of knowing that emanate from this absolute knowledge and the knowing of the groups of beings who are addressed to this knowledge are discussed under separate headings. The nature, scope, and limits of the knowledge of each entity are presented, as well as the different interpretations of the relevant verses by commentators and the theological and exegetical debates that arose in this context.