Potasyum hidroksit ve üre ile modifiye edilmiş kanalizasyon çamuru esaslı biyokömürünün arayüzeysel kimyasal davranışları ve sudan forat giderimi üzerindeki sinerjik etkileri

Phorate is one of the widely used organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) having detrimental impacts on living creatures and the environment. As such, biochar is a low-cost and environment-friendly material that can be used as a catalyst to develop the strategic tools that reduce and overcome the challenges caused by their rising concentration. Herein, phorate removal strength of potassium hydroxide and urea-modified sewage sludge-derived biochars were described for the most goal-oriented technique. The advanced characterization techniques form an essential basis for the knowledge of surface functionalities and physicochemical properties of produced biochars. The results of multiple characterization techniques revealed that the generated biochars have a high specific surface area, porous surface, equally distributed elemental composition, miscellaneous mineral content, diversified surface functional groups and a high-level of thermochemical stability, which encourage the removal mechanism of phorate. The batch removal experiments affirmed that biochars pyrolyzed under 700°C, treated under hydrothermal conditions and modified with the combination of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and urea chemicals showed the best phorate removal efficiencies . These selective samples were further chosen for the 2nd batch removal experiments with changing temperature, biochar dose and pH variables. As a result of 2nd stage batch experiments, three selected biochars shows enhanced Phorate removal efficiencies at lower batch temperatures (25°C), higher biochar doses (5 and 15 g/L) and pH within 6 – 7. Moreover, three biochar samples were reused four times and they showed higher than 85% removal at the 5th experiment. GC-MS analysis was performed to comprehend the intermediate degradation products (i.e., 2, 4-Di-tert-butylphenol, [1,1'-Biphenyl]-2,3'-diol, 3,4',5,6'-tetrakis(1,1-dimethylethyl)) of phorate.