Determination of toxic effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2) zinc oxide (ZnO) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles on TK-6 lymphoblast cells

Nano-metal and nano-metal oxides, which are nanotechnological products, are used in many cases for arrival and prediction. For example, Zinc oxide (ZnO); It is used as a raw material in various fields such as paint, detergent and antibacterial products, tire industry, rubber production, cosmetics, various biomedical creams, petroleum products, ceramics industry, glass products, coating industry. Silver (Ag); It is used in printer inks, photographic industry, electronic components, coin making, ornaments and jewelry, alloys, dentistry and water purification industries. It is also used as nanoparticles in electronics, medicine, chemistry, fuel production and additives. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is widely used in the cosmetics industry, personal care products, sunscreens, toothpastes, paints and food dyes, sensor making for electronics and photocatalysis, paper, plastic and pharmaceutical tablets. Although it is not naturally toxic, it is a metal oxide that can be toxic to various plant and animal cells and cells in culture due to its very small size and low solubility in nanoscales. These products, the consumption of which is rapidly spreading and increasingly differentiated, can unconsciously leave the wastes generated by nano devices from various environments to natural ecosystems, both after use and during production. As a result of this nanopollution, organisms which are living on earth and artificially produced materials can be directly or indirectly exposed to man-made nanoparticles.These substances floating in the air can attach to the cells of living species that have not been exposed to such substances before, and at the cellular level; They can communicate with proteins, cell membranes, DNA and organelles. The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of heavy metals may vary depending on the element used. However, basically, toxicity mechanisms can be grouped under two headings as direct and indirect. When viewed as an effect; Membrane structure/function changes, interaction with antioxidant enzymes, inhibition of energy metabolism, changes in DNA structure and induction of expression of stress genes and playing an important role in some enzymatic activity effects can be given as examples. In this study, in which the interaction of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle (ZnONP), Silver Nanoparticle (AgNP) and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle (TiO2NP) with TK-6 lymphoblast cells was investigated, Zinc Oxide NP, Silver NP and Titanium dioxide NP, which are soluble forms of these metals in distilled water, were used. The reason why distilled water is preferred as a solvent is due to the possibility of possible toxic effects to affect the test results. The aim of the study method is to detect various cytotoxic and genotoxic (chromosome damage, micronucleus, apoptotic and mitotic index, cell apoptosis, etc.) damages in vitro for the evaluation of the preparations obtained by treating TK-6 lymphoblast cells incubated in vitro with various doses of nanoparticles. By using the dose-response curves obtained by applying regression analysis to the micronucleus frequencies corresponding to different doses of the metals to be used, the toxic dose levels of the nanoparticles used. Studying the damage caused by the toxic levels of these metal nanoparticles, which have many uses today, on human lymphocytes will allow the effects of these particles on human health to be evaluated from different perspectives. In this study, human TK-6 lymphoblast cells were used. For each experimental group, TK-6 cells were inoculated into cell flasks as 1 x 106 in 5 ml. For each substance to be used, 5 different doses were determined and 1 control group flask was planted. 2000 binucleate (BN) cells were counted for each dose, and genotoxic effects were determined using the micronucleus technique. The dose response curves of the micronuclei formed as a result of the chemical substances given to the cells were compared. The effect rates of metals on TK-6 cells were calculated with the statistical program used.The results obtained were compared with other studies with these metals. For Silver Nanoparticle, 2.5,5,10,25 and 50 µg/ml were used. For Titanium Dioxide nanoparticle, 25,50,75,100 and 125 µg/ml were applied. 5,10,20,30 and 50 µg/ml were used for Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle as doses. In this study, in which 2000 binucleate cells were counted per dose, each dose was compared with its own control group by applying the regression analysis. Proliferative indices (PI) for all doses were also evaluated. In this study, genotoxic and cytotoxic damages of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle (TiO2 NP), Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle (ZnONP) and Silver Nanoparticle (AgNP) in TK-6 lymphoblast cells were investigated. In applied doses; It was determined by the regression analysis that TiO2NP and AgNP caused significant damage with increasing doses, while ZnO NP did not reach sufficient damage to the cells at the applied doses. Keywords: Micronucleus, Zinc Oxide NP, Silver NP, Titanium dioxide NP, Genotoxic damage, cytotoxic damage