Towards Blockchain-based Learning Management System for Adaptive Self-regulation Development in ELT

The study of online higher education learning and academic achievement has increasingly emphasized self-regulated learning (SRL). Few studies so far have investigated the blockchain-based learning management system (LMS) and adaptive SRL intervention in English Language Teaching (ELT) online higher education. This study aimed to develop a blockchain-enabled LMS as a metacognitive tool in ELT online higher education with SRL adaptive intervention to improve planning, monitoring, reflection, collaboration, zone of proximal development (ZPD), and scaffolding towards self-regulation development and learning achievement. To do that, based on the benchmark data of 33 ELT Master of Art (MA) students, the blockchainbased LMS is developed that provided three phases of planning, action, and reflection SRL adaptive intervention throughout the ELT MA online program. Data were collected quantitatively by utilizing SRL pre- and post-test questionnaire which were analyzed along the t-test and qualitatively by adopting reflective essays and semistructured interview which were analyzed through the content analysis method. The findings and the development of the blockchain-based LMS with adaptive SRL intervention contributed to the development of ELT MA students’ SRL skills in realistic goal setting, self-monitoring, self-reflection, and self-awareness through SRL adaptive intervention in planning, monitoring, reflection, ZPD, and collaboration. Also, ELT MA instructors tracked students’ activities and in case of failure to comply with SRL adaptive interventions, they could provide feedback to the students. In addition, this study showed that the integration of blockchain technology in ELT online higher education with adaptive SRL appears to be a promising trend in the development of SRL.