Translation services and activities of foreign embassies - Consulates in the Ottoman Empire during the renovation period

The Reform Period of the Ottoman Empire was a time when relations with the West intensified, and the diplomatic mechanism underwent significant changes. During this period, foreign embassies and consulates interpreter (dragomans) played crucial roles not only in translation activities but also in diplomatic negotiations, intelligence work, and commercial connections, becoming key players in Ottoman-Western relations. This study examines the position, working conditions, salaries, and privileges granted to foreign embassies and consulates interpreter in the Ottoman Empire. Dragomans, who enjoyed advantages such as tax exemptions, legal immunities, and high incomes, generally held a respected status in Ottoman society. Particularly towards the end of the 18th century, the number of dragomans working in the Ottoman lands and foreign states increased, and these individuals became influential figures in diplomacy. Based on archival sources, the names and numbers of dragomans working for foreign states during this period have been identified. Additionally, the study also explores the training and educational institutions of these interpreter. İnterpreters were expected to be proficient in languages such as French, Italian, Greek, Ottoman Turkish, and others, and were often trained in foreign schools or by private tutors. Especially in the diplomatic center of Istanbul, the Pera district, several prominent translator families emerged. These families served the Ottoman diplomacy for generations, producing many interpreter who held significant roles in embassies. The study provides detailed insights into the famous interpreter families of Pera and the number of interpreter they contributed to Ottoman diplomacy. In this context, the study highlights the impact of dragomans on the Ottoman diplomatic mechanism and their role in shaping relations with Western states. The findings demonstrate that these interpreter were not just language intermediaries, but also influential actors who guided Ottoman diplomatic relations, held significant positions within the bureaucratic structure, and gained an important status in the international arena.