Green synthesis ferulic acid magnesium nanoparticle: evaluation of gene expressions of growth hormones and antioxidant enzymes i̇n rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and i̇nvestigation of antioxidant enzyme actives and antibacterial properties

In this study, ferulic acid and magnesium were combined to create a synergistic effect by adopting a green chemistry approach; in this way, it was aimed to synthesize ferulic acid magnesium nanoparticles (FA@MgNPs) and to investigate the biological effects of the synthesized FA@MgNPs on aquatic organisms at the molecular level. Experimental studies were initiated with instrumental analysis techniques such as Ultraviolet/visible light Spectroscopy (Uv-vis.), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Zeta potential analysis in order to characterize the synthesized FA@MgNPs. After the characterization process, in vitro; antimicrobial activities of FA@MgNPs were evaluated by disk diffusion method using positive and negative controls. Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were provided for in vivo experiments. Acclimation was performed and the fish were started to be fed with supplemented feeds prepared for the experiment. The feeding period was completed and muscle, liver and kidney tissues were taken from the subjects to be used in molecular analyses and stored under appropriate conditions. The mRNA levels, enzyme activities and fatty acid contents of growth hormone (GH-I), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) and antioxidant (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST)) genes were analyzed with the tissues taken. As a result of characterization analysis, FA@MgNPs were found to have a size of approximately 10.68 nm. It was determined that FA@MgNPs were effective against Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, Yersinia ruckeri, and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in a dose-dependent manner. The mRNA expression levels, enzyme activity levels, and fatty acid contents of targeted genes in muscle, liver, and kidney tissues were evaluated; it was determined that gene- and tissue-specific differences in these parameters were statistically significant. It was observed that the relative density and hardness values increased in parallel with the increase in sintering temperature and time for the material. Keywords: Green synthesis, MgO nanoparticles, Antimicrobial activity, Gene expression, Growth hormone, İnsulin like growth factor , Antioxidant enzyme activity, Fatty acid, Rainbow trout