Analysis of the use of video challenge systems in volleyball at the 2024 Paris Olympic Games

Aim: Aim: The aim of this study is to examine the effects of the use of the Video Review System implemented in volleyball matches during the 2024 Paris Olympic Games. Method: This retrospective and descriptive study analyzed video recordings from volleyball matches played during the 2024 Paris Olympic Games. Data from 97 challenges submitted by 25 matches were included in the analysis. The number of challenges, approval and rejection rates, and distributions across match stages, match outcomes, and countries were examined. Descriptive statistics and independent t-tests were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that 28.87% of the challenges were approved, while 71.13% were rejected. Winning teams used the VCS more selectively and achieved higher success rates compared to losing teams. The use of VCS became more strategic and critical as the competition progressed, with higher approval rates observed during the semifinals and bronze medal matches. Significant differences were found between countries in the frequency and success rates of VCS usage. Referees made a limited number of self-initiated VCS requests, typically during critical moments of the matches. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the VCS is an effective tool in enhancing referee accuracy and fostering perceptions of fairness in volleyball competitions. However, differences in use emerged depending on team strategies, competition stages, and the countries involved. Referees' behavior toward the VCS suggests that the system is being adopted as a means of reducing cognitive load and increasing decision security. For the future, it is recommended that the use of the VCS be implemented in a more transparent and standardized manner and that its integration into referee training processes be enhanced.