Evalution of 3D city models and cadastral project in the world perspective

The fact that two-dimensional cadastral studies, which are still in use today, provide insufficient information on land and real estate ownership, as well as rapid technological advancements, increases interest in three-dimensional cadaster. At the same time, the growing and expanding population necessitates intensive usage of the land's above and bottom. Property rights and duties cannot be transferred to or documented in the registry for things placed above and below the property. This condition causes issues in quickly increasing urban areas. Thus, the current system's insufficiency in reflecting the components of buildings, such as houses on properties, has exposed the need for a third dimension in cadastral studies. As a result, at the beginning of the 2000s, the notion of 3D Cadaster emerged for the first time, and serious research began. The efforts of the International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) 3D Cadasters Working Group to create an understanding and standardize on the idea of 3D cadaster by evaluating research conducted in nations are noteworthy in this respect. During this time, the "3D Urban Models and Cadaster Project" was launched, and test applications were carried out by our country's General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadaster. This thesis aims to assess Turkish applications in terms of technological, institutional, and legal factors by comparing them to the systems of nations who pioneered 3D Cadaster research and to provide some solutions to the observed difficulties. As a result, 3D city models were built by generating 3D models of existing structures with the project in question, although 3D cadaster studies could not be completed entirely. For this reason, it can be stated that changes in the legal dimension, in addition to technological studies, are unavoidable when discussing 3D cadaster.