Investigation of rock, mortar, brick and lead clampus used in Roman period structures in the ancient city of Anavarza by archaeometric methods

In this study, the types of rocks found in the ancient city of Anavarza, as well as the properties of bricks, mortar, and the lead clamps used to combine stone blocks, were investigated. The rocks used in the constructions are limestone. The columns in the ancient city were constructed from different types of rock. These rocks composed of marble, brecciated limestone and granite rocks. While the limestones, marbles and brecciated limestone columns used are compatible with the geology of the region, granitic columns were brought to the region from outside. Petrographic, XRD, FTIR, SEM_EDS Granulometric analyzes were performed to determine the aggregate and binder types in the mortar and the amount of CaO binder in the mortar was determined. As aggregate grain; It consists of calcite (limestone), quartz and brick fragments. Grains of different sizes and irregular shapes have come together. By using the XRD method, the minerals calcite, quartz, corundum, aluminum oxide, and lime were identified. The FTIR technique was used to identify the minerals carbonate (lime), quartz, calcite, illite, and gypsum. Between the grains, lime creates a binding substance. The CaCO3 ratio was discovered to be between 24% and 27% by using 5% HCl acid test. Bricks were analyzed by optical microscope, XRD, SEM–EDS and TGA-DTA methods. It was observed that while the matrix was more compact and dense in some samples, some brick samples were heated at low temperatures. It is observed that high temperature minerals such as Diopsite, Akermanite and Gehlenite are better vitrified due to the high baking temperature. Magnetite mineral was found in all brick samples. While the presence of magnetite indicates that the brick samples were baked in a closed atmosphere in a reduction atmosphere, in some samples both hematite and magnetite were found together. It is thought that these samples were baked in a reduced atmosphere in a closed environment, and were more exposed to oxygen during the cooling phase. Pb isotope results are similar for Aladağ Delikkaya, Horzum (Feke), Kayseri (Yahyalı) regions.