Architectural identity in transition: exploring the historical urban fabric of al- qaymarīyya district in damascus

This thesis examines the architectural identity of Damascus by focusing on the Al-Hamidiyah Souq, the Al-Qaymarīyya district, and the Old City. It looks at how built form, social practice, and government polices work together to strengthen or weaken identity over time. The study looks at historical records, maps, and building facades, and specific examples of homes, souks, and monuments. The results show that identity is preserved in places that adhere to traditional forms and spatial layouts, such as courtyard homes and narrow business streets. But individuality is lost or lessened when modern additions, inadequate fixes, and branding get in the way of traditional order. This decline has been accelerated by years of war, weak regulations, and financial crisis. However, resilience may be seen in places where people go about their daily lives, such as small shops, courtyards, and local networks. It is evident that ordinary streets and households, in addition to monuments, play an important role in maintaining identity. The main idea of the thesis is that heritage in Damascus is not a set record of the past but rather an active process that is affected by laws, business, skilled labour, and shared memories. It adds to the academic discussion by connecting form, everyday use, and government action. It also raises concerns about rules that only protect well-known landmarks. Some ideas for future preservation initiatives include funding repairs, training craftsmen, involving the community, and developing guidelines that combine current needs with maintaining traditional continuity. The study also points to areas for future research that compare Damascus to other medieval towns and look at how tiny architectural choices impact comfort, commerce, and social life. In short, taking care of the ordinary streets, courtyards, and façades of Damascus is just as important as taking care of the city's ancient landmarks. The Old City might keep its physical structure but lose the cultural significance that defines it character if this equilibrium is not maintained.