Some ways with vegetable and industrial waste activated carbon production carbonization

SOME WAYS WITH VEGETABLE AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE ACTIVATED CARBON PRODUCTION CARBONIZATION Atakan Çağlar Chemistry Department, M. S. Thesis, 2014 Thesis Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Bülent BÜYÜKKIDAN SUMMARY Activated carbon is an adsorption material which has an old history and its usuage is continously increasing. Activated carbon, can be defined as adsorbent material that its internal surface area and pore volume are improved by activation process of raw materials which have high carbon content. Wide surface area, high surface reactivity, high pore volume, effective pore size distribution and mechanical streight are desired properties of activated carbon. The manufacture of activated carbons involves two main steps: carbonization and activation. The first stage in the preparation of active carbon involves the carbonization of the raw material. This is usually conducted in the absence of air at temperatures 800 oC. During carbonization the raw material is heated under a time schedule with a certain rate of heating in order to eliminate the volaties and form a fixed carbon mass with a rudimentary pore structure. This pore structure can be developed during activation. The activation process is carried on from 15 minutes to several hours depending upon the activity desired. Since the activation process involves a loss of carbon, there is a point beyond which it is no longer economical to conduct the activation. Activation is an oxidation reaction at elevated temperatures where the oxidizing agent is usually steam and carbon dioxide and only sometimes air. Activation and carbonzation steps are sometimes carried out simultaneously using chemical activating agents such as phosphoric acid, zinc chloride, and sulfuric acid. These activating agents act as dehydrating agents as well as oxidant so that carbonization and activation take place simultaneously. The type of the activated carbon produced depends on the type of the raw material. The rate of heating during carbonization, the final temperature, and the lenght of theactivation period are some of the other factors that change the pore volume, surfacearea, and mean pore diameter of the final product. Most of waste and wastewater resulting from industrial activites include heavy metals. Heavy metals have become a major subject because of their potential risks on living organisms and to contaminate ground and underground water. Heavy metals are not biodegradable and tend to accumulate in living organisms. Altough some of these metals are essential for vital functions in trace concentrations, higher concentrations have various toxic effects. The other alternative methods for removal heavy metals from water and wastewater include oxidation, reduction, precipitation, membrane filtration, ion exchange, electrochemical operations, biological processes and adsorption. Among all the available technologies adsorption is the most suitable technique. The purpose ofthis study, especially of the core of palm that grows inthe Arab Geography and wasterubber, which isa chemical used as raw material in the production of activated carbon to investigate the ability. For this end, pre-treated palm kernel separated and the resulting core parts and rubber parts,were activated with zinc chloride. The obtained activated carbon in the BET surface area and pore volume of the device were evaluated. Elemental analysis the carbon content was examined based. With atomic adsorption device lead in the waste water retention capacity were examined. Keywords: Adsorption, Activated Carbon, Industrial Waste, Carbonization.