Comparison of standard radiographic positions and standing positions in the diagnosis of internal organs in domestic pigeons (Columba Livia Domestica)

A methodological study was conducted to identify an alternative radiographic position in 25 clinically healthy pigeons (Columba Livia Domestica). Whole body radiographs were obtained in dorso-ventral erect, ventro-dorsal supine, right latero-lateral, right latero-lateral erect positions. The radiographs were matched and organ visibility was compared. The visualisation of various anatomical elements in each position was scored and radiographic silhouettes of the heart, liver, kidneys, spleen, proventriculus, gonads and related structures were measured on radiographs taken under standard conditions in birds to establish radiographic mean ranges. Inter-observer agreement was evaluated. Mean index values were determined by calculating the ratios of the heart, liver and proventriculus to the coelomic structures. Assessment of airway structures was limited in the erect position compared to the lying position and the surface areas of the air sacs were significantly smaller. The proventriculus was more visible in the dorso-ventral erect position and the gastrointestinal tract delimitation of the kidneys was more visible in the right latero-lateral erect position. Visualisation of the heart was not significantly different between the two views. Organ measurements were significantly larger in the standing position than in the lying position. In conclusion, the dorso-ventral erect position may be sufficient to assess the heart and upper digestive tract. The right latero-lateral standing position may be considered adequate for the evaluation of the kidneys. These positions are likely to provide clinically important information in cases where general anaesthesia or dorsal recumbency is contraindicated.