Earthing systems in electrical facilities and application in a residential area

In parallel with increasing human population, rapid developments in the construction sector naturally caused a rapid increase in electrical installations. One of the most important parts of electrical installations is earth systems. Because the protection of both the users and the personnel responsible for the operation of the electrical facility and other creatures against electric shock due to dangerous touch and step voltages; as well as property losses caused by fires and damages depend on the correct dimensioning and realization of the earth system. The aim of this study is to examine the grounding systems as a whole for both high voltage and low voltage installations. The earth systems examined within the scope of the study were also applied in a large settlement center with high and low voltages, including transformer centers. In the study, firstly, general concepts and definitions related to earth systems are explained and TN, TT and IT earth systems in distribution networks are examined in the light of international standards according to the state of the network star point. In the second part of the study, the basic principles of earth systems in high voltage networks, mechanical strength, corrosion, thermal strains, sizing principles in terms of step and contact voltages are examined. In the same section, the principles of protection against indirect contact in low voltage networks, the principles of protective earthing and sizing of potential equalization (equipotential bonding) conductors are examined, and the principles of inspection, measurement and inspection in earth systems are discussed. In the third part of the study, the information about the earthing electrodes (earthing apparatus), which is one of the most important components of the earthing systems, are classified horizontally and vertically, and in this context, earthing resistance calculation formulas are given in the hemispheres, rods, strip earth apparatus, and the equivalent earthing resistance values in star, eyelet, ring and square strip earth apparatus arrangements is given. In the same context, the principles of sizing the basic earthing electrodes are given and the principle of earthing conductor facilities and attachment have been examined. In the fourth part of the study, the design information of the earth systems given theoretically was applied to a residential area with a total installed power of 4x1600 kVA, consisting of 1394 residences and 88 commercial facilities, and the earth system design was made, the earthing measurement results were analyzed comparatively with theoretical values and the harmony between them was shown.