Integration of energy storage systems and electric vehicles as prosumer with smart grids and their effects on power balance

Rapidly increasing industrial activities and global population growth have led to a significant rise in energy demand. This situation has made the efficient utilization of existing energy resources and the widespread adoption of renewable energy sources (RES) imperative. However, the intermittent and weather-dependent generation characteristics of renewable energy sources—particularly solar and wind power—cause instability and imbalance issues in conventional power systems. Additionally, the rapid increase in the number of electric vehicles (EVs) introduces new challenges for energy management systems. Therefore, considering both the intermittent generation nature of renewable energy systems and the variable energy demand of electric vehicles, the integration of energy storage systems (ESS) into smart grids plays a crucial role in balancing power parameters and ensuring system stability. This study aims to investigate the effects of integrating energy storage systems and electric vehicles as prosumers into smart grids on power balance. In this context, the energy consumption profile of Malatya Province, along with real production data from a photovoltaic power plant (PVPP) and a wind power plant (WPP), as well as electric vehicles operating under a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) framework, were integrated into a simulation model developed in the MATLAB environment. Within the scope of the model, a 24-hour simulation was conducted incorporating energy storage systems with different power capacities and a specified number of electric vehicles. As a result of the analyses, the contribution potential of energy storage systems and electric vehicles to power balancing in smart grids was demonstrated, line losses were calculated, and the advantages and limitations of the system were evaluated. Accordingly, this study examines the applicability of the prosumer concept in smart grid infrastructures and contributes to the development of strategies for the sustainable management of energy balance.