Political rights and freedoms in early Islamic society

This study focuses on the existence of political rights and freedoms in Islam, the extent to which these rights and freedoms were practiced during the early period of Islam, and the fundamental principles on which they were based. In this context, the study is structured around five main categories of rights: the right to participate in governance through voting and candidacy, the right to oversee and criticize rulers, the right to enter public service, freedom of expression, and freedom of religion or belief. After outlining how these rights and freedoms are articulated in the two primary sources of Islam—the Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad—the study analyzes their implementation during the time of the Prophet Muhammad and the period of the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs, taking into account the socio-political conditions of the era.