İnsan (sonrasın)ın yeniden yazımı: Mary Shelley'nin Frankenstein, Alasdair Gray'in Poor Things ve Jeanette Winterson'ın Frankissstein romanlarında üremeden yaratıma geçiş

In Frankenstein, (1818), Mary Shelley removes reproduction and birth from their natural arena and the female body by transferring it to the scientist. This novel was the origin of discussions of the notion of being human, and lead to the definition of transhumanism and posthumanism. This transition period, initiated by Shelley in the nineteenth century, was reshaped by Alasdair Gray in Poor Things (1992) with a postmodern rewriting of Frankenstein. In 2019, with Frankissstein, Jeanette Winterson further refines the concept of reproduction into an approach which is not only postmodern, but also posthuman. In this thesis, with a comparative study of these literary works shaped by transhuman and posthuman approaches, the change in the views considering human reproduction, how the concepts of human and reproduction come out of the maternal body, and the mysterious and incomprehensible birth process in nature being recreated by humans, have all been examined. In other words, the main discussion points of this thesis are the intervention of the male human on the female body since the advent of anthropocentric humanism; the neglect of the female body with the exclusion of the pregnant body; the replacement of reproduction by creation, and the abuse of the female body. The conclusion of the study is that advances in science and ideologies have changed how human beings are defined as creators and creatures as well as how they reproduce. To put it another way, the desire to replace human reproduction omits the process of pregnancy in order to achieve creation. As a result of this, the concept of the human and humanity may unavoidably be questioned and revisited. The circumstance could make the woman's precarious situation worse and interfere with the development of the human embryo. Therefore, re-evaluation of the role of the maternal body may be necessary for the context of posthumanism and transhumanism.