Integration of smart technologies in adaptive reuse projects: A comparative study of industrial buildings

Integrating smart technologies into the adaptive reuse of industrial heritage structures necessitates a balance between historical preservation and operational efficiency. This research explores the incorporation of smart technologies—specifically focusing on HVAC, energy, and water management—within four industrial heritage sites in Istanbul: Müze Gazhane, Çubuklu Silos, Terkos Su Water Museum, and the Rahmi M. Koç Museum. Using a qualitative case study method, the study combines architectural documentation, on-site observations, and a structured evaluation framework to assess the extent and nature of technological integration. The findings reveal notable differences among the sites. The public buildings—Müze Gazhane and Çubuklu Silos—exhibit either selective or minimal implementation of smart technologies, primarily due to regulatory constraints, technical challenges, and priorities for preservation. In contrast, the Terkos Museum has not adopted any smart technologies. Conversely, the private Rahmi Koç Museum does utilize smart technologies; Due to limitations in accessing specific data about the technologies used, the evaluation relied solely on site visits and available documentation. Overall, none of the projects implemented artificial intelligence. The research highlights that effective integration of smart systems in heritage settings relies on minimally invasive installations, contextual awareness, and interdisciplinary collaboration among designers, engineers, and heritage experts. By linking technological implementation with architectural strategy, the study provides insights into initiatives aiming to enhance building functionality while preserving historical and cultural significance.