An investigation on hazard and operability study (HAZOP) according to SEVESO III directive and special case studies

Big hazardous events can happen because of a technical failures, personal failures, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, sabotages, fires and consequences as fire, explosion and toxic release can be dangerous to the human health, environment and cause economic loss. Determination, prevention and control of these consequences are very important. A major industrial event happened in Seveso (Italia) in 1976 because of an explosion occured in a reactor of a chemical plant and caused human health problems and death of animals. After this accident, 82/501/EEC Directive (SEVESO I) released by the European Union for the control and preventation of major accidents. SEVESO II (96/82/EC) Directive released in 2012 and extended in 2003 (2003/105/EC Directive). On Januray 2016, Seveso III (2012/18/EU) Directive replaced the SEVESO II Directive. The main changes from Seveso II to Seveso III are: - The list of dangeorus substances covered by the SEVESO Directive (Annex I), which bases on Chemicals Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply Regulations 2009 (CHIP), is organized for aligning to the EU Legislation (Classification, Labelling and Packaging (CLP) Regulation) on the classification of dangerous. CLP Regulation entered in the force in January 2009 and provides the hazards presented by the chemical materials are clearly informed to workers and consumers in EU through classification and labelling of chemicals with basing the method of the Unites Nation‟s Globally Harmonised System (GHS). - More effective implementation and enforcement for inspections with introducing stricker standards and new obligation for the relevant departments of government‟s. - Citizen‟s access to true information about big hazardous accidents and more efficient participation in desicion-making will ensure. - The way of information collected, managed and shared will improve. On 30 December 2013, SEVESO II came into force in Turkey with publishing in the Officiaal Gazette No.28867. In Turkey, according to Reducing The Risks Of Major Industrial Accidents Legislation (Büyük Endüstriyel Kaza Risklerinin Azaltılmasına ilişkin mevzuat – BEKRA), companies must make a statement about the dangerous materials they used and/or stored and their quantities using BEKRA Reporting System to get classification as high dangerous, low dangerous or out of scope. Turkey has 421 high dangerous and 521 low dangerous classified, total 942 SEVESO companies (December 2015). Safety assessments and precautions are undertaken by the industries and organizations for determination and prevention of the hazards occured by the accidental cases resulting injuries, deaths, economic loss, environmental problems. Risk assessment is an important study which includes the stages as hazard identification, definition, analysis and risk evaluation giving understanding of their causes, results and possibilities and simulation softwares are help us to see the effects of possible hazards. Hazard identification can be done using Qualitative Techniques which are Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA), What-If Analysis, Check-List Analysis, Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) or using Quantitative Techniques such as Faul Tree Analysis (FTA), Event Tree Analysis (ETA). Simulation can be done using Areal Location Of Hazardous Atmosphere (ALOHA) Software, Process Hazard Analysis (PHAST) Software, BREEZE, EFFECTGIS, FLACS, CEBAM, SAFER TRACE, BLEVE Incident Simulator (BIS), AUTOREAGAS, CHARM, ADORA, HAMS-GPS softwares. In this study, hazards, risks, hazard identification methods, hazard evaluation models and modelling softwares for industrial facilities are examined and used for the case studies with Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) methodology and Areal Location Of Hazardous Atmosphere (ALOHA) software under the SEVESO Directive scope for prevention and control of big hazardous events at chemical industries and application of SEVESO III Directive in Turkey.