سياسة محمد علي باشا تجاه الأقليَّات الدينيةفي بيت المقدس وانعكاساتها

This thesis includes a study of the conditions of religious minorities in Jerusalem by identifying the religious minorities there, including Christians and Jews, during the Ottoman era, when they were a sanjak, in the period between the eighteenth century and that preceded the rule of Muhammad Ali Pasha, the Egyptian governor who ruled the Levant and Jerusalem in The middle of the nineteenth century in order to show the situation of religious minorities and the impact of the policy of the Egyptian government, which is completely different in its view and the way its authorities and administration dealt with these minorities from the Ottoman style, as it relied on the principles of equality between citizens regardless of their religious affiliations While the Ottoman regime differentiated according to religious affiliation on the basis of the millennial system, aiming to clarify the reality of the situation of minorities in Jerusalem, specifically the city of Jerusalem, being the center of gravity of religious minorities of Jews and Christians, and the impact of the policies of Muhammad Ali Pasha on them in light of the historical contradiction between historians. The research studied the public life of religious minorities in Jerusalem from various human rights, social, economic, political and administrative aspects in the period prior to the Egyptian rule, in addition to the policy of the authorities that succeeded them from the Ottoman rulers to the Egyptian administration towards them. Hence the importance of the research in trying to detail the contradictory accounts between Western, Egyptian and Ottoman sources about the status of religious minorities and the way different governments deal with them. The thesis dealt with the subject during the period of the rule of the Egyptian governor, Muhammad Ali Pasha, in Jerusalem in the middle of the nineteenth century 1831/1840 AD, in addition to the period that preceded it of direct Ottoman rule in the eighteenth century, and the events it included, the most important of which was the French campaign and its occupation of Palestine. New governance, legislation, and administrative methods, and then the impact of this experience on the Ottoman policies during the Tanzimat period, as it borrowed from the West and equality between citizens of different religious affiliations. The thesis was divided into an introduction that dealt with the most important definitions related to the subject and three chapters that covered the human rights, political, administrative, social and economic conditions of religious minorities in Jerusalem throughout that period in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The study reached important and accurate results about the situation of minorities, the most important of which are: that this group of society, despite its coexistence in general, was exposed before the Egyptian rule to oppression and weakness by Muslims, rulers and local authorities, in contrast to the general policy of the sultans and the central government in Istanbul, which dealt with minorities from the perspective of the millet system. as part of the community,The second result is that the policy of Muhammad Ali Pasha and his son Ibrahim Pasha with minorities was part of the policy of applying modern European concepts of citizenship and equality before the law in order to build the modern state and not give them precedence over the Muslims who in turn resisted Egyptian rule at the instigation of the Ottomans, unlike the religious minorities that identified with it. And this is despite the fact that the Ottoman Empire itself continued to apply the policy of Muhammad Ali later on and was influenced by it in what was known as the organizations that it enacted after the Egyptian withdrawal from the Levant. The study relied mainly on the analytical descriptive approach in dealing with events and evaluating them in relation to the policies of the rule of Muhammad Ali Pasha with regard to religious minorities, and the comparative approach in approaching the policies of Egyptian rule with the direct Ottoman rule before it and its repercussions on the Ottoman policy after it, in addition to the historical approach in listing facts and events. The letter recommends intensifying research in the period of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century prior to the fall of the Ottoman Empire, and studying the political and societal transformations within it, which pertain to the events of that period, the groups of society and the conflict between them, and the role of European countries, which affected the shape of the region and its political and social future later, in order to reach sound and fair analyses. Away from the transmission of known and repeated narratives. Keywords: religious minorities, Jerusalem, the Ottoman era, Egyptian rule, the 18th and 19th centuries.