Kırsal yerleşimlerde fotovoltaik enerji ile çalışan su pompalama uygulamaları

This study presents a design and simulation of a simple but efficient photovoltaic water pumping system for Afgoye, Somalia. PVsyst v6.0 software is used to design and perform simulation of water pumping system. The solar data, well characteristics, water demand and storage tank size are input to PVsyst. In addition, the cost and lifetime of PV module, solar pump and controller are input to the software. The output of the software includes the amount of water delivered for daily use to users in Afgoye region, amount of missing water, the excess (unused) PV energy and the system efficiency (performance ratio) during the year. The simulation results have shown the percentage of pump efficiency of the water pumping system and System efficiency of the water pumping system The life cycle cost analysis of pumping water shows that the SPV water pumping system is more economical and feasible compared to Diesel system. The results also indicate that more SPV systems can be installed in the country, replacing the existing more expensive Diesel systems, which would play significant role in achieving the country's Millinium Development Goal (MDG) targets. The consumption of fossil fuels has an environmental impact, in particular the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. CO2 emissions can be greatly reduced through the application of renewable energy technologies, which are already cost competitive with fossil fuels in many situations. Good examples include large-scale solar water heating, and off-grid stand-alone PV systems. Especially, PV has a powerful attraction because it produces electric energy from a free inexhaustible source, the sun, using no moving parts, consuming no fossil fuels, and creating no pollution or green house gases during the power generation. Together with decreasing PV module costs and increasing efficiency, PV is getting more pervasive than ever. A water pumping system needs a source of power to operate. In general, AC powered system is economic and takes minimum maintenance when AC power is available from the nearby power grid. However, in many rural areas, water sources are spread over many miles of land and power lines are scarce. Installation of a new transmission line and a transformer to the location is often prohibitively expensive. Pumps that use PV systems are normally powered by BLDC motors. These motors use the DC output from the PV panels directly. Alternating current (AC) motors are sometimes used, but they require more complex control systems. They also result in less total energy availability due to the electrical losses caused when an inverter is used to convert the BLDC to AC electricity. Because BLDC motors do not require an inverter, utilize a less complex control system, and result in more total energy availability, they are most commonly paired with solar-powered pumps. Uses for Solar Water Pumps in Somalia Solar pumps are very cost-effective for remote applications, particularly where utility interconnect costs more than $5000. That is usually about one-third to one-half mile from the grid. Specific applications include: • Off-grid homes and cabins; • Livestock watering: pond and stream protection, rotational or prescribed grazing, and remote pasturing; • Aquaculture: circulation • Irrigation: best for small scale applications. A typical solar water-pumping system that is installed for a grazing operation includes the PV array, the controller, the pump, and accessories. The size of the array and the pump will be determined by several factors. In this section, the methodology used to determine the size of the system is described along with the general procedures used during installation. Solar water pumps can provide simple and low labor watering options for farms that require water in remote areas. Several general points to keep in mind about solar water pumping include: • Water storage in metal or plastic tanks is used instead of power storage in a battery. This reduces costs and makes the system simpler. A float switch turns the pump off when the tank is full. • An electronic pump controller is used to smooth out the current to the pump. It acts like an automatic transmission in the sense that it helps the pump to start and to operate in low light conditions. • As with the turtle and the hare, slow and steady wins the race. Many solar pumps are made to pump slowly over the course of the day, which allows water to be pushed over considerable distances and vertical rises. Slow pumps can use small diameter piping, reducing the installed cost. Slow pumps require less power and allow the use of limited water resources, such as a slowly recharged well. • To reduce the cost of a system, water conservation must be practiced. PV modules are expensive, and reducing water use in any manner will save on the installed cost. • Solar pumps are generally most competitive in smaller systems where combustion engines are least economical. • Solar pump systems are low maintenance. With automatic shut off from a float valve, they require only occasional inspection. Photovoltaic modules have been around for more than 50 years and have been mass produced since 1979. Due to improvements in manufacturing technology and economies of scale, the cost of PV has fallen by 90% since the early 1970s. PV modules are now readily available in a wide range of sizes from several well established companies. The reliability of PV is such that 20- to 25-year power warranties are typical, with life expectancies beyond 30 years. PV arrays are installed so that they maximize the amount of direct exposure to the sun. That usually means placement in an area clear of shading from buildings and trees, and at an angle equal to the latitude of the location. Analysis of the monthly average radiation at the 32° tilt angle shows that the average monthly radiation in Afgoa Somalia is sufficient for the development of solar PV power project. Further, solar PV water pumping systems require energy mainly during the months. Since the periods of low solar radiation in Somalia coincide with the availability of rainfall (May to August), the availability of sufficient solar radiation to energies the solar PV pumping system is ensured. PV modules, to run the pump, and sun¬light value is determined by the nearest latitudinal coordinate of the well location (between 25° and 30° in Afgoa Somalia ). When you insert this value, Insolation at given latitude 5.784 kWh/day. Daily Water Requirement 4000 liter/day (with multiplier) three day. Finally, wishes that this thesis serves the interests of other students who are interested in power electronics for PV applications and provides encouragement towards more advanced senior project or master's thesis research