The fallacy of ad hominem, misericordiam, ad verecundiam, and baculum

Irrelevance in logic or non sequitur is a commonly used type of mistake which aims to eliminate, obscure, diverge or avoid the subject instead of providing a reasonable, proper and satisfactory evidence. Irrelevancy is a general type of mistake when a full logical correlation or reference cannot be established, or when the idea related to the subject cannot be comprehended when it is distorted or concealed. The four mistakes which have been dealt with all through this dissertation are the ones under the title of irrelavancy mistake and the ones frequently made in daily life. The evidence which targets the individual is the mistake of irrelevancy which aims to disprove his/her thesis by focusing on his/her personality or attitudes instead of assessing the thesis which the same individual has defended. This mistake can be handled in three following ways; targeting the person directly (abusive), using the special conditions against the individual (circumstances), and 'you too' (tu quoque) . The second mistake dealt with in the thesis is resorting to mercy(argumentum ad misericordiam), where people's sentiments of affection and pity are abused instead of providing a proper evidence. The third mistake which has been dealt with and studied is the mistake of resorting to authority showing itself when "people pontificate, declare an opinion on the issues they are not specialized or put forward improper evidence about a subject under discussion." Finally in the dissertation, the mistake of resorting to brute force (ad baculum), which has been dealt with as commination or intimidation while trying to impose this idea to the opponent instead of providing a hard evidence, a proper reason to conduct a legitimate relation, has been studied, and an overall assessment of these mistakes have been made. Keywords: Fallacies, Irrelevancy, Argumentum ad hominem, Arg. ad Misericordiam, Authority, Arg. ad baculum.