Changing efforts of Montreux Convention and Türkiye's regulation works of passing

Since the conquest of the Istanbul by the Turks in 1453, until the placement for the first time of a warship on the Black Sea by the Russians in 1696, the sovereignty of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles were under the control of the Turks. Then, in the earlier days, the Russians and then the European countries started to enforce the straits by their growing trade and sea shipping. The seaborne trade and sea shipping was grown day by day and today, by the arise of the enery potential in Black Sea and the Caucasus, they are reached at a tremendous level. In addition to the role of the Straits as a trade link between the west and the east, in terms of the martial purposes, it is advantageous for the defender side to have it under control that gives the defender full control over the geographical region which makes it a strategical importance center.The Montreux Convention regarding the Regime of the straits was ratified on July 20th, 1936. Three months later, Russia was requested to have a military base in the straits, also to be a part of the defensive force of the straits. In the earlier days of the Second World War, Germany was also aiming to have a control in the straits. Towards the end of the Second World War, it became clear that the German Army was going to be defeated and as a result of this, Russia began to re-insist on his requests about the straits. Russia had given two diplomatic notes to the Turkey by stating that some German and Italian warships had passed the straits by violating the convention and they wanted to use this as a supportive idea for their request for becoming a part of the defensive force of the straits. Turkey could hardly get rid of this Russian pressure by the support of USA and Great Britain and then by joining the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) as a member. During the Cold War, USA and SSCB kept their eyes on each others warships that were passing from the straits. After the dissolving of the Warsaw Pact, the interest of USA on Black Sea and Caucasus was increased based on their energy politics and their desire to be the dominant country of the world. USA was not satisfied from the restrictions of Montreux Convention which are not allowing him to keep a fleet in the Black Sea and started to state his displeasure in several ways. This time, Turkey is cooperating with Russia for avoiding a possible violation of the Montreux Convention and taking his position about being against the idea of a possible USA existence in Black Sea.Additional to these, increaing volume of sea shipping from the straits and the explosive and/or flammable cargos carried by the straits were causing a lot of dangerous accidents. As a result of these threats, by observing the sake of the citizens, the belongings of the country and environmental risks, depending on the sovereignty rights of Turkey on Montreux Convention, in 1994 and 1998, Turkey prepared two statutes that regulates and limits the ship traffic in the Straits. It was claimed by Russia that the statutes are prepared to prevent patrol shipping in the straits which causes a big trade loss for him. Also by claiming that this statutes are violating the Montreux Convention and stating that the statutes are an attempt to change the convention, Russia is objected on the statutes. But it is a fact that, there is a decrease in the number of the accidents since then.Although the convention was expired and there are some objections against it, it is still valid since 52 years. Not any country is daring to suggest any modification to its contents which shows the critical balance that it depends on. As a conlcusion, it can be said that the convention should be kept as it is and the gaps should be filled with statutes and international laws which protects the Turkish benefits. These are the necessities for the economic, strategic and martial benefits of Turkey which have great importance.Keywords: Montreux, Alterations on Montreux, Convention, The Straits, Patrol and Energy Politics, Traffic Statutes,