Formative-forming method of Paul Klee and new forming possibilities of line in drawing

"Line", which is the essential expression material of the painting, formed by the aggregation and movement of more than one point has a feature which reveals the elements such as shape, color and space limitation on the surface of the composition. The first linear formations made in the field of art have emerged from the cave drawings that have drawn on the ceilings or the walls. Line was used as a sketch in the Renaissance Period as a preparation material and had no direct expression on the painting. However, after the invention of the photograph, it has been seen as an artistic element on itself by regaining its importance in the cave period. Although it relates to the form, shape and figure that makes up a systematic whole of the visual elements that bring out the outlines of an object and provide its perception, it has different meanings. Each art form expresses the individual differences in styles that are evident from the emotions and intuitions inherent by the artist. Systematic and clear expressions of elements are bringing these differences to the shape and formal artistic approaches to emerge. The artist's visualization of the sensory and the mental end result of perception as a whole and the forms that are expressed with a line together brings the formation of the drawing to the square. During the Middle Age, when the art that was evolving by the monopoly of persuasion, the process of modernism, which aims to advance with new ideas and developments, has begun. Realizing that the reality in art is hidden at the inner world of the individual, not outside of the world but, the modern artist has gradually moved away from naturalism, which reflects nature, towards expressive and formal understandings that are formed by his own emotion, intuition, perception and imagination. In modern art, as a unique expression means of drawing, the line has gained a function that expresses abstract thoughts and has revealed them as if they were processes on the surface. Just as it is at the base of the universe, in the work of art it is expressed as 'genesis' as a state of coming to a square. In the liberation of art and progressive understanding, the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution became the two important steps that changed and reshaped society in human history. In 20th Century during the industry age the technological and scientific developments have changed the life style of the society that has undergone a great transformation. This transformation has enabled the adoption of a constructive and forming system of thought in society and art. In this context, Bauhaus, a revolutionary school that responded to the needs of the society through art by the process of modernism, was established in Germany in 1919 by Walter Gropius. Bauhaus, who teaches art, design and architecture, aims to combine applied arts with fine arts. The exploration of the Formative-forming method developed by Paul Klee, an important representative of the Bauhaus School and the painter, and the possibilities of new styling in modern drawings (artwork) based on this method, on the drawings of modern understanding between 1920-1960, this is the main objective of this thesis. The research has qualitative research capability. Historical method, which is also known as literature review method is used as scientific research method. In the research, the documents obtained by scanning the relevant literature are examined and the subject of the research is tried to be explained within the framework of an inductive based approach by supporting the visual materials during the historical process. The effects of the Formative-forming method developed by Paul Klee on the three modern drawing (linear picture) examples are investigated in accordance with the purposeful sampling method. The summarized and interpreted data obtained from Klee's Formative-forming method are conceptualized, organized into codes, and selected visual artifacts are examined structurally in the framework of the categories in which necessary codes are grouped. Klee aims at reaching the appearance of the Formative-forming method, reaching the essence of the inner nature that goes deep from the surface. According to the method, the essence of nature is advancing into a form that comes from the oppositions of the born, growing, reproducing, dying powers. As a result, in the direction of the findings obtained from the literature, it is explained with examples by evaluating the categories and visual codes that modern artists are influenced by Klee's teachings and reflected these effects on his works. In the investigation made on the analyzed works, reveal that the line-shaped forms of Klee are in the Formative-forming method, and that rhythmic, kinetic movements and contradictions are brought about by together and simultaneous use. It has been found that these works are based on abstraction and surrealist tendencies, utilizing surrealism automatism technique, and have content, such as intuitiveness and imaginary. It is seen that Klee has an influence on modern artists and the Formative-forming method is used in linear art in Modern Art.