Comparison of different treatment methods in type 1 and type 2 diabetes models in rats

Diabetes is a disease of serious concern facing the healthcare industry today. Treatment of diabetes and its complications with modern drugs is still costly. Extensive research on the screening of anti-diabetic agents over the past years has revealed that natural products are one of the major potential sources of drug discovery. However, only a few of the plant-derived medicines have been scientifically verified. Therefore, the development of new anti-diabetic drugs is in great demand, and natural products can be investigated as potential anti-diabetic drugs. In this study, we tried to create type 1 diabetes models using STZ and type 2 diabetes models we tried to create using STZ + fructose; It was aimed to determine the applicability of chitosan and cinnamon given for therapeutic purposes as alternative and supportive treatment, as well as to investigate the comparison of the results with the standard treatment, metformin, at biochemical, genetic and histopathological levels. Two separate groups were established for rats, including the control group. While in the first group, an attempt was made to create a type 1 diabetes model with Streptozotosin, in the second group, type 2 diabetes was created by adding fructose to the drinking water of the rats, and in the third group, the study was carried out with healthy rats without any application. Treatment groups were formed by applying cinnamon, chitosan and metformin to the first and second groups and the results were evaluated by comparing them with the control groups. The damages detected in the type 1 diabetes model are greater than those in type 2 in terms of both weight gain, increase in sugar levels, and pathological damages, and genetically desired diabetes formations have been observed in both type 1 and type 2. In terms of the changes observed in HDL and LDL cholesterol levels, cinnamon was found to be more successful in keeping HDL high, and metformin and chitosan were found to be more successful in keeping LDL low. For the INS 1 gene, in all analyzes except liver tissue, it was found that diabetes formation was experimentally achieved by suppressing gene expression with the use of active substances. When the treatments given to rats were evaluated, on a gene basis, damage repairs in type 1 were found to be more effective than type 2 in repairing the damage to the GLUT 2 gene. The changes in pancreatic tissue, where the effects of diabetes are more visible, were found to be more clear and successful compared to liver tissue. Therefore, while metformin and chitosan were more effective, almost at the same level, the effectiveness of cinnamon was left behind compared to the others. When the INS 1 gene is examined; The desired diabetes formation in the pancreas was achieved with the active ingredients used, and metformin and cinnamon were found to be more successful in the treatment by preventing chitosan. However, the desired diabetes formation in the liver tissue was not observed for this gene, and gene expression increased further. When diabetes models created with active substances in liver tissue were examined, it was concluded that it would be useful to investigate the INS 1 gene in more detail, as the activity and functioning of this tissue may be different from the pancreas. As a result, while the formation of type 1 diabetes was observed more clearly with the active ingredients, the formations in the pancreatic tissue were more clearly observed compared to the liver. When the results of the treatments applied were evaluated, metformin in particular attracted more attention, while alternative treatment options, cinnamon and chitosan, were found to be almost equally successful as metformin in different analyses.