Demographic change of colon cancer in the last ten years in Şanlıurfa region

Objective: Colorectal cancers rank among the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide and constitute a significant public health concern. Colon polyps are recognized as precursor lesions in colorectal cancer development, making their early detection crucial. Recent epidemiological studies have indicated a notable increase in colorectal cancer localization, particularly in the right colon and sigmoid colon. These findings play an important role in planning screening programs and adjusting endoscopic surveillance protocols. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study analyzed colonoscopy data from 5,361 patients who underwent the procedure at Şanlıurfa Harran University Hospital Gastroenterology Clinic between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2024. Patient demographics, comorbidities, family history, smoking status, colonoscopy reports, and biopsy results were reviewed. Patients were grouped annually and in five-year intervals. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS; chi-square tests were used for categorical variables and appropriate parametric or non-parametric tests for continuous variables. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Polyps were detected in 20.7% and masses in 3.7% of patients. Polyps were most commonly located in the transverse colon and rectum, while masses were predominantly found in the rectum and ascending colon. Adenocarcinoma was the most frequently observed pathological diagnosis, consistent with existing literature. Both polyps and masses were more common in males and in the 41-65 age group. Notably, polyp detection rates in males were significantly higher in 2022 and 2024 compared to earlier years (p=0.008). Some variations were observed in polyp size, localization, and pathological subtypes between 2020 and 2024, including increases in tubular adenoma and hyperplastic polyp rates. However, no statistically significant changes were found in the size or pathological features of masses across different time periods (p>0.05). Conclusion: This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the demographic and pathological characteristics of colorectal polyps and masses over an extended period. Adenocarcinoma remains the most prevalent malignant pathology, aligning with the literature. The size and pathology of masses did not significantly change over time. However, differences in the age and gender distribution of polyps suggest the need to reconsider risk-based screening strategies.