Investigation of genotoxic effects of reactive red 195 dye used in textile industry using PCR-based molecular methods

The textile industry is one of the largest industries in the world that provides employment without special skills and plays an important role in the economies of many countries. The textile industry uses a variety of chemicals and large amounts of water in the production process. The wastewater generated during this process contains a large amount of dyes and chemicals that contain trace metals such as Cr, As, Cu and Zn, which can harm the environment and human health. Textile wastewater causes a genotoxic effect and can cause bleeding, skin ulcers, nausea, skin irritation and dermatitis. Chemicals in the water block sunlight and increase the biological oxygen demand, preventing the process of photosynthesis and re-oxygenation. In this study, different concentrations (5ppm, 10ppm, 50ppm, 75ppm, 100ppm and 150ppm) of reactive red 195 (RR195) dye used in textile industry were applied to A. cepa root tip cells in three different time periods (24,48 and 72 hours). Genotoxic effects of RR195 dye were analysed comparatively using PCR-based molecular marker methods, ISSR and RAPD-PCR. Cytotoxic effects of RR195 dye were investigated by mitotic index analysis. The data obtained showed that RR195 dye has genotoxic and cytotoxic effects on A. cepa stem cells depending on dose and time.