The expression profiles of HBME-1, galectin-3, CK-19, emerin, CD56 and caveoline-1 for di̇sti̇ngui̇shi̇ng beni̇gn and mali̇gn neoplasms of the thyroi̇d

Thyroid cancers are the most frequent malign endocrine tumours. They form about 1% of all cancers and about 0,2% of the cancer-related mortality. Because of the fact that each of the thyroid carcinomas has distinctive clinical, radiological and histopathological features and has different therapeutic approaches and prognosis, their differentiation must be performed well. There are difficulties in differentiation of benign and malign lesions of thyroid gland and several immunohistochemical methods are employed. In this study, 114 cases on benign and malign neoplasms of thyroid between the years of 2007-2017 are researched. The ready coloured preparates are revaluated from the archive of Pahologhy Department of Abant İzzet Baysal University, Education and Resarching Hospital. HBME-1, Galektin-3, CK-19, Emerin, CD-56 and Caveolin-1 are stained immunohistochemically. The nuclear colouration features are researched for Emerin, for the others the prevalence and severity of immunohistochemically staining are scored separately in the preparates which belong to each case and this two scores are transformed into a single parameter as a degree of immunohistochemically staining . Effects of the existence of demographic features such as age and sex, tumor size, tumor surrounded by a fibrous capsule, capsule invasion, lymphocytic thyroiditis zone, bilaterality and multifocality, extrathoracic spread and cervical lymph node metastasis about the cases on prognosis have been investigated. At the end of the study, it has been observed that extrathyroidal spreading increases as the tumor diameter increases, in younger patients the tumor diameter reaches a larger diameter, the frequency of multifocallity and bilateralitty in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma's accompanied by lymphocytic thyroiditis increases. While the existence of tumor surrounded by a fibrous capsule in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma is observed frequently in Folliculary Variant especially, the relationship between capsule invasion and prognosis is not found. The positivity of Galektin-3, CK-19, HBME-1 and the loss expression with CD56 are the most valuable immunohistochemically markers to distinguish Papillary Thyroid Carsinoma's. Staining with Emerin in cases with suspicious nuclear characteristics will be extremely useful interms of showing nuclear details. Caveolin-1 has high sensitivity especially in Papillary Microcarsinoma's. Caveolin-1 can be effective in directing to another diagnosis in the cases of Well Differentiated Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential Thyroid.