Determinants of carbon dioxide emissions in the industrial sector in Turkey

Economic growth, along with the industrial revolution, increased individuals' living standards. The concept of economic growth, increasingly important due to its benefits, has formed the basis of countries' macroeconomic objectives. However, in addition to the economic and social benefits of growth, it also has negative impacts such as inequality, energy consumption, environmental degradation, and overuse of resources. Energy use, in particular, comes with increased growth and is one of the most significant causes of environmental pollution. In Turkey, the industrial sector, one of the sectors that generates the largest share of income, has a significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions due to its share of production and energy use. Due to the increasing importance of the industrial sector in environmental pollution, this study aimed to examine the impact of growth and energy consumption in Turkey's industrial sector on carbon dioxide emissions. To this end, the ARDL bounds test was used to test the impact of Turkey's per capita income, industrial sector growth, and energy consumption on CO2 emissions from the industrial sector for the period 1998-2022. Other variables included in the model were population density, industrial sector value added, and import and export variables. The analysis results indicate a positive long-term relationship between CO2 emissions and the industrial sector's share of income, per capita income, and energy consumption. The only factor that reduces carbon dioxide emissions is value added. Furthermore, the analysis results indicate that the long-term effects of exports, imports, and population density on CO2 emissions are not significant.