Biological activities and chemistry of Daphne SP. grown in Turkiye

In this study, the chemical compositions and biological activities of 7 species (D. mezereum L., D. pontica L., D. glomerata Lam., D. sericea Wahl., D. oleoides Schreber, D. gnidioides Jaub et. Spach and D. mucronata Royle) and 2 subspecies (D. mucronata subsp. turcica and D. oleoides subsp. kurdica) of the genus Daphne L. naturally grown in Turkiye, components obtained from aerial parts of plants and extracts prepared with solvents of different polarity (n-hexane, ethyl acetate and 70% ethanol). The chemical profiles of the volatile compounds obtained by the hydrodistillation method analysed by GC-GC/MS systems and the extracts prepared by the maceration method were carried out by LC-MS/MS. The antimicrobial activities, combinations with antibiotics, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and enzyme inhibition activities of the extracts were investigated. Minimum inhibition concentrations were determined (50-3.12 mg/mL). The extracts showed high activity were combined with ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol to evaluate their efficacy and 26 synergistic effects were found. The scavenging effects of DPPH and ABTS free radicals were investigated and it was determined that the extract had high antioxidant activities. The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by 5-lipoxygenase enzyme inhibition activity and the % inhibition value at 20 μg/mL concentration was calculated for 13 extracts (95.4664±1.3811-6.1315±2.8242). An effect on tyrosinase inhibition activity was observed for 2 extracts (IC50=0.7580-0.7573 mg/mL). In order to determine the acute and lethal toxicities of the extracts, Caenorhabditis elegans model was used which is accepted s an alternative method to in vivo animal studies. IC50 values were calculated for 7 extracts (6.3818±0.1443-1.3637±0.0010 mg/mL). At the end of the isolation studies, daphnetin, quinic acid, 1,5-dicaffeonylquinic acid, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-glycoside, quercetin and kersetin-3-O-galactoside obtained and their structures were elucidated. KEYWORDS: Daphne L., Thymelaeaceae, Biological activity, Caenorhabditis elegans.