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View AllTurkey's reading (R)evolution a study on books, readers and translation: 1840-1940
This study explores the pioneering role of translation in the reading revolution the Ottoman-Turkish society went through in the period between 1840 and 1940. The rapid popularization of the novel shortly following its entry into Turkey via translation and the impetus this provided for the formation of a readership are the main reasons for choosing novels as the case in point. By attempting to discover what the readers in the period 1840 and 1940 were reading and how they could have selected, viewed and read, this study is designed to answer specific questions on readers and their reading habits based on a tripartite research structure consisting of production, marketing and consumption phases. For the production phase, a catalogue of translated and indigenous novels published in 1840 and 1940 is established. The bibliographical analysis reveals that a high proportion (46%) of the novels consisted of translated titles. This predominance is the first striking evidence of the formative role of translation in the reading revolution. The advertisements published in catalogues, newspapers and journals are studied as an intermediary between production and consumption phases. They serve as primary sources to reflect the historical context and reveal the characteristics of the strategies that were used while marketing translated and indigenous titles both synchronically and diachronically. The high frequency of the advertisements for translated titles, moreover, contributes to the main argument of the dissertation, i.e. the popularity of the translations among the readers. The consumption phase is studied through readers? letters, biographical accounts and visual representations. These materials are important to illustrate readers? active involvement in the process and how their participation shaped and was shaped by the production and marketing phases.
Thermoelectric properties of silicon doped germanium
Seebeck coeffcient is a property of material which shows the electrical potential difference created by the temperature difference. This electrical potential is useful in thermocouples and thermopower generation applications. Silicon doped germanium is a good material for thermopower generation applications. Moreover, in interface temperature measurement of bulk growth is possible with the thermoelectric property of Ge-Si alloy. Seebeck coeffcient measurements are made by the small ?T technique. In this technique, potential difference between two probes are measured and with changing the temperature of one probe potential difference change with respect to temperature can be calculated. Seebeck coeffcients of evaporation grade germanium, 5 atm% and 50 atm% silicon doped germanium has been measured. Moreover, electrical resistivity of 5-25 atm% silicon doped germanium at room temperature has been measured. Also, high temperature electrical resistivity measurements for 5 atm% and 50 atm% has been attempted.
Imaging the upper mantle beneath Turkey and surrounding regions
This study includes two interdependent sections. The first section presents an analysis of Pn travel times to determine Pn velocity, Pn anisotropy and crustal thickness variations beneath Turkey and surroundings. Between 1999 and 2010, more than 50 000 Pn arrivals are compiled from 700 regional earthquakes by 832 stations of permanent and temporary networks operated in the study area. A regularized least squares inversion method is used to estimate crustal thickness variations and image velocity perturbations in the uppermost mantle. The results reveal features that correlate well with the surface geology and the active tectonics of the region.The Pn velocities show very fast (> 8.4 km s-1) and very slow (< 7.6 km s-1) anomalies indicating a heterogeneous lithospheric structure. The average velocity of 8.0 km s-1 is determined from a linear fit to Pn travel times. Relatively uniform Pn velocities (7.9-8.1 km s-1) are observed in the western Turkey. Large velocity contrasts are located at subduction and suture zones. A sharp transition in the central Anatolia is apparent from the uniform Pn velocities in the west to lowest velocities (< 7.6 km s-1) in the east. The lowest velocities coincide with the volcanics of the easternmost Anatolia and the Central Anatolian Volcanic Zone. Beneath the Dead Sea Fault Zone and Dinarides-Hellenides, the upper mantle velocities are also low (< 7.8 km s-1). High Pn velocities are observed beneath oceanic lithosphere such as Mediterranean Basin (> 8.3 km s-1), western Black Sea basin (> 8.3 km s-1), Adriatic Sea (> 8.3 km s-1), and Zagros suture zone (> 8.3 km s-1). Large velocity contrasts are observed at subduction, suture zones and across the North Anatolian Fault.Pn anisotropy has maximum amplitude of ±0.8 km s-1 in the study area corresponding to 10% anisotropy. The coherent and largest anisotropic anomalies are observed in the western Anatolia, Aegean Sea, and Cyprian Arc. A significant anisotropic pattern is observed in the Cyprian arc region. Pn anisotropy in western Anatolia, Aegean Sea and Greece correlate well with the present state of tectonic deformation and GPS velocities. The Dinarides-Hellenides exhibit arc-parallel anisotropy. In western Anatolia, anisotropy is aligned in N-S direction along the major principal strain orientation. Along the North Anatolian Fault, the anisotropy directions are E-W, aligned with the fault geometry in the western part while no correlation is observed on the central and eastern parts of the fault. Anisotropy in eastern Anatolia is complex and the directions are varying strongly in the region of low Pn velocities. The absence of anisotropy is apparent in an area dominated by the neogene volcanism. Low Pn velocities and absence of clear anisotropic pattern beneath eastern Anatolia may have resulted from thermal anomalies in the uppermost mantle possibly due to delamination processes.Large positive station delays are observed along the southern coast of Anatolia, eastern Anatolia and beneath Dinarides-Hellenides while large negative station delays are observed in western Anatolia and the Marmara region. The majority of the stations in central Anatolia show small station residuals indicating the average crustal thickness of 35±2 km. Western Anatolia and the Aegean Sea have crustal thicknesses between 28±2 and 33±2 km. In Greece, the crustal thicknesses are increasing from 33±3 km from the western coast to a maximum of 48±3 km beneath Dinarides-Hellenides. The large crustal thicknesses (40-48 km) are also observed along southern coast of Anatolia. In eastern and southern Anatolia the average crustal thicknesses are 40 km and 36 km, respectively.In the second section of this study, shear wave splitting on records of core-refracted (SKS) phases are obtained. Waveform data from 850 teleseismic earthquakes occurred between 1999-2010 at epicentral distances greater than 84? and less than 130? with magnitudes greater than 6.0 are analyzed. A total number of 4163 splitting measurements are obtained from 217 broadband seismic stations located in and around Turkey.The anisotropy parameters measured from SKS are consistent with the results of similar studies conducted in North-Central Anatolia, eastern Anatolia and Aegean. Fast direction polarizations are dominantly in NE-SW direction in the eastern Anatolia. In the Marmara region, fast polarization directions are in NNE-SSW direction with greater lag times. There is a relatively sharp change in the fast polarization directions form NE-SW to NW-SE at the Antalya Bay, Isparta Angle region (~30oE). SKS measurements are non-uniform in central and northern Greece. There are progressive changes in the fast splitting directions as well as delay times from eastern Turkey to the Aegean. The change in the fast splitting directions from NNE-SSW in the eastern Anatolia to N-S in the Aegean may be the result of the retreat of the Hellenic slab. Through the North Anatolian Fault, shear wave splitting directions are aligned NE-SW.
A computational approach to the core of Eunicellins
The asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction has attracted much interest for decades. Most recently, interest in the use of catalysts in cycloadditions has gained momentum due to their capacity to provide complex stereoselectivity throughout natural product synthesis. In this study, the origin of diastereoselectivity of intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction with chiral imidazolidinones is investigated to construct the skeleton of eunicellin which is a marine metabolite and two of medium ring ethers found in some natural products. The first reaction of interest was the intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of acyclic precursor, seven, eight and nine membered reactants with and without aldehyde substituent in order to better understand the origin of diastereoselectivity. The exo and endo selectivity of the cycloadditon reactions, and the rate of thermal reactions are discussed in detail. Secondly, an organocatalyst controlled intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of seven membered ring to synthesize the tricyclic core is investigated. Lastly, the cycloaddition reactions of eight and nine membered model Diels-Alder precursors are further explored to rationalize the effects of medium ring constraints and to elucidate the difference in diastereoselectivity of the intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction with chiral imidazolidinones. In this work, the effect of MacMillan Catalyst on the mechanism and stereoselectivity of the reaction have been studied with DFT and discussed in detail.
A Novel system model implementation of network attacks and countermeasures
The Internet is an open and efficient TCP/IP protocol which is most widely usedin the world. As usage of the Internet and TCP/IP protocols increases, their lack ofbuilt-in security has become more and more problematic. Nowadays, network attacksare the most important and serious problem on the Internet. DoS attack is the oneof these network attacks which takes advantage of the lack of authenticity in the IPprotocol and stateless nature of the Internet.This thesis examines the TCP/IP architecture, general network structures andnetwork security mechanisms.Second, DDoS attacks and server system models are covered in this work. Newattack models are proposed and developed. These new models and also existing attackmodels are simulated. While generating dierent attacks, new proposed server model isalso designed and coded. This server is called \virtual server with a new perspective".Third, after generating the custom attacks against the custom server system,protection and warning mechanisms are required on the server side. In that case,custom intrusion detection and intrusion prevention system models are designed. Inaddition, numerous of simulation are completed.Finally, at the end of the research, many point of views about conutermeasuressystems are proposed, and their results are investigated.
Nutrient export coefficient modelling of the Melen watershed using estimated retention in the water body
The Melen Watershed provides fresh drinking water to most of Istanbul. According to The Ministry of Forest and Water Works of Turkey, regarding the pollution status, Melen River Basin should be primarily dealt with. Nutrient pollution such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) can cause water quality degradation in rivers, which are used as a source of drinking water. This situation raises the question of how the nutrients have moved depending on many factors such as land use and anthropogenic sources.Researchers developed several nutrient export coefficient models depending on aforementioned factors. For this purpose, statistical data includes a number of factors such as historical water quality data for the research field, land use, population and infrastructure were used. Nutrient export coefficients are estimates of the total load or mass of nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) exported from a watershed standardized to unit area and unit time (e.g., kg/km2/day). Almost no study has been conducted regarding this issue in Turkey.Within this study, nutrient export coefficients for the Melen Watershed were determined using the model that covers Frequentist and Bayesian approaches. River Retention Coefficient was determined and introduced into the model as an important variable. Frequently used hydrologic model, Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), was used as a tool for modeling of diffuse source pollution. As a brief recommendation, agricultural best management practices (BMP) were evaluated using SWAT model to determine the best management system to reduce nutrient loads in the Melen Watershed. This study is aimed to be an important precedent for other basins that are determined as in priority in terms of pollution by The Ministry of Forest and Water Works of Turkey.